More from notes Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Who developed and modified method to extract alkaloids from biologicals?
A
Stas and Otto
2
Q
What DRE category constricts pupils?
A
Narcotic Analgesics
3
Q
What is the liquid portion of the blood without cells or clotting factors?
A
Serum
4
Q
What is the mean ratio of serum/blood?
A
1.16
5
Q
What are the federal urine drug testing screening cutoffs?
A
6MAM = 10ng/mL
Cocaine metabolites = 150ng/mL
PCP = 25ng/mL
Opiate metabolites = 3000ng/mL
Amphetamines = 500ng/mL
Marijuana metabolites = 50ng/mL
6
Q
What colored top tube contains EDTA?
A
Purple
7
Q
What colored tubes have barium in their stoppers?
A
Grey and Red top
8
Q
These experiments characterize the systematic error in the measurements and address most concerns regarding interferences
A
Accuracy
9
Q
Russian botanist, generally credited with developing chromatography specifically to separate out the pigments in plants such as chlorophyll by passing a plant extract through a column of finely divided calcium carbonate
A
Tswett
10
Q
Refers to all the volume in a chromatographic system from the injector to the detector other than the column
A
Dead Volume
11
Q
What are the 4 general contributions to broadening within chromatographic columns
A
- longitudinal diffusion
- eddy diffusion
- mass transport broadening in the stationary phase
- mass transport broadening in the mobile phase
12
Q
What describes the relative interaction of two analytes with the stationary phase?
A
Selectivity
13
Q
What color test can be used for salicylate?
A
Trinder’s Reagent (purple)
14
Q
What color does cyantesmo paper turn in presence of cyanide?
A
Blue
15
Q
An IA assay that allows measurement of labeled antigen without separating bound and free anitgen
A
Homegenous Assay
16
Q
An IA that requires separation of bound and free antigen before labeled antigen is measured
A
Heterogenous Assay
17
Q
What does CEDIA stand for?
A
Cloned Enzyme Donor IA
18
Q
What does KIMS stand for?
A
Kinetic Interaction of Microparticle in Solution
19
Q
What is another name for TRUE POSITIVE RATE?
A
Sensitivity
20
Q
What is another name for TRUE NEGATIVE RATE?
A
Specificity
21
Q
What is the equation for sensitivity?
A
= TP/(TP+FN) *100
22
Q
What is the equation for specificity?
A
= TN/(TN+FP) *100
23
Q
actions of the drug on the body
A
Pharmacodynamics
24
Q
actions of the body on the drug
A
Pharmacokinetics
25
Half-Life equation
T1/2 = 0.693 / Kel
26
Clearance equation
Cl = (Kel)(Vd)
27
Vd of Hydrophilic Drugs
Vd < 1
28
Vd of Lipophiliic Drugs
Vd > 1
29
the single most important factor determining drug concentrations
Clearance
30
convert the parent drug to a more polar metabolite by introducing or unmasking a functional group
Phase I metabolism
31
What form of ionization favors increasing polarity, MW, and thermal instability?
Electrospray
32
What form of ionization favors lower polarity and molecular weight?
APCI or APPI
33
endogenous opioid peptides that function as neurotransmitters
Endophorins
34
What opioids are Diphenylheptanes?
PPX and Methadone
35
Semisynethic agonist obtained from methylation of morphine
Codeine
36
What drug can screen positive GCMS for norfentanyl?
B-hydroxythiofentanyl
37
What is metabolized to L-methamphetamine and L-amphetamine
Selegiline
38
What ratio is Adderall for Amphetamine D/L?
3:1
39
What color does the Marquis test turn for Amphetamine and Methamphetamine?
Orange - red
40
What are the essential metals?
Iron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc
41
method of chemical analysis that uses the intensity of light emitted from a flame, plasma, arc, or spark at a particular wavelength to determine the quantity of an element in a sample
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
42
From what metal: white lines that appear on the fingernails or toenails
Arsenic
43
Cannabinoid receptor that is mostly central?
CB1
44
Cannabinoid receptor that is peripheral?
CB2
45
What are the 3 types of ligands for CB receptors?
Eicosanoids, Phytocannabinoids, Synthetic Cannabinoids
46
a synthetic delta-9 THC is available for treating nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy
Dronabinol (Marinol)
47
pH for Barb extraction
5-7
48
special class of inhalants that act primarily to dilate blood vessels and relax the muscles
nitrites
49
Drug Schedule "High abuse potential with no accepted medical use; medications within this schedule may not be prescribed, dispensed, or administered"
I
50
Drug Schedule "High abuse potential with severe psychological or physical dependence; however, these medications have an accepted medical use and may be prescribed, dispensed, or administered"
II
51
Drug Schedule "Intermediate abuse potential (ie, less than Schedule II but more than Schedule IV medications)
III
52
comes from peyote cactus
Mescaline
53
dissociative anesthetic that structurally similar to PCP
ketamine
54
Valproate levels are decreased by what drugs?
Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin
55
decrease in the functional concentration of norepinephrine and dopamine
The Catecholamine Hypothesis
56
decrease in the functional concentrations of NE, DA and/or serotonin
The Monoamine Hypothesis
57
loss of neurotropic support – decrease in brain derived neurotropic factor
The Neurotropic Hypothesis
58
5 Categories of Antidepressants Drugs
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
TCAs
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Serotonin Norephinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
5_HT2 Receptor Antagonists
59
Antidepressant Category: – rarely used today due to high toxicity and and potentially lethal food and drug interactions
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
60
invents the Drunkometer
Harger
61
Use in opioid overdose and reversal of respiratory depression associated with opioid use
Naloxone
62
Long-acting injectable to treat opioid and/or alcohol maintenance treatment
Naltrexone
63
label attached to drug is enzyme glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase that oxidizes the substrate and reduces the cofactor NAD to NADH
- enzyme activity is determined by measuring the NADH produced
EMIT
64
Metabolism of Cocaine: 3 Major Pathways
- N-demethylation in the liver to form norcocaine
- Hydrolyzed to form benzoylecgonine
- Plasma cholinesterase and other esterases metabolize to form ecgonine methyl ester
65
"Nor..." means...
Demethylation
66
Polar drugs tend to preferentially partition into the aqueous or organic solvent?
Aqueous
67
Low pKa
Strong acid or weak base
68
In a suspected chronic poisoning, the best single specimen for elucidation of heavy metals
hair
69
Specimen... can concentrate certain drugs, like benzodiazepines
bile
70
Green top tube
Lithium heparin
71
Blue top tube
Sodium citrate
72
Absorbance is directly proportional to path length of incident light
Lambert's Law
73
Absorbance is directly proportional to concentration
Beer's Law
74
May interfere with ELISA assay
sodium azide
75
Barb: Used to relieve intracranial pressure
pentobarbital
76
Butabarbital, Amobarbital, Pentobarbital have major ions at
141 and 156
77
Opioid receptor that produces central depression, analgesia, miosis, reduced GI motility
Mu
78
Opioid receptor that produces spinal analgesia, sedation, miosis, diuresis, mild respiratory depression
kappa
79
Opioid receptor that produces spinal analgesia, dysphoria, delusions, hallucinations, respiratory/vasomotor stimulation
Delta
80
Steady state of drugs can be increased in what 2 ways?
1) Increasing dose and maintaining dosing internal
2) Increasing frequency of the same dosing
81
THC pKa?
10.6
82
Who said each 0.02 g/dL rise in BAC doubled risk of an accident?
Holcomb
83
In 1971, the Committee on Alcohol and Drug did what?
Made a statement that impaired driving performance was BAC greater than or equal to 0.08 g/dL
84
At what concentration should GHB be considered endogenous in a sample?
Less than 2 mg/L in blood ; Less than 10 mg/L in urine
85
The drug concentration absorbed relative to the initial dose
Bioavailability
86
What is the major binding protein present in blood and plasma?
Albumin
87
How many half-lives does it take for oral-drugs to achieve steady state?
5-7
88
What are the 6 cytochrome P450 enzymes that metabolize 90% of drugs?
CYP- 1A2, 2CP, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, 3A5
89
What chemical metabolite is responsible for the hangover?
Acetaldehyde
90
If an analyte moves readily into the gas phase, the partition coefficient is…?
K < 1
91
Why is salt sometimes added?
Salt decreases the solubility of polar organic volatiles.
92
What does NHTSA stand for?
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
93
Movement of a substance across a membrane that requires energy
Active Transport
94
An inactive drug that is activated through metabolism
ProDrug
95
Negative signal difference b/t extracted blank matrix, mobile phase, and unextracted standard
Ion Suppression
95
Widmark Equation
BAC x weight x Vd
95
Main diuretic action of EtOH is by inhibition of the secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Vasopression
96
NCUTLO
National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances
97
Unstable in PM specimens due to bacterial and thermal degradation
Clonazepam
98
Used to reduce agitation in neonates and infants requiring mechanical ventilation
Chloral Hydrate
99
The first fully synthetic opioid without a morphine like structure
Meperidine
100
The original Opioid Antagonist
Nalorphine
101
What are the 5 types of ion sources?
Electron Ionization, Chemical Ionization, Fast Atom Bombardment, Electrospray Ionization, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
102
What is the partition coefficient calculation?
K = Cs/ Cg
103
Bias percent calculation
Mean of calculated-Nominal / Norminal
104
2 Categories of Hallucinogens
Indolylalkylamines and Phenylalkylamines
105
LSD color test and what color
Ehrlich's and purple
106
Structurally and pharmacologically related to PCP
Ketamine
107
Analyte requirements for GCMS analysis
– relatively non-polar (may require derivatization)
– volatile
– thermally stable
– low molecular weight (LC can handle much higher MW)
108
Inner ring for Ethanol in Conway Diffusion
potassium chromate
109
Color for positive Ethanol in Conway Diffusion
Green
110
Liberating agent for Cyanide in Conway Diffusion
NaOH
111
Color for positive Cyanide in Conway Diffusion
Red
112
technique which incorporates the binding reaction of a target substance (antigen) with an anitbody
Immunoassay
113
Hapten + Immunogenic Molecule =
Immunogen
114
pKa of weak acids
5-9
115
pKa of strong acids
1-5
116
pKa of weak bases
7.5-10.5
117
3 main components of Electrospray Ionization
Nebulizer, Desolvation Assembly, Mesh Electrode or repeller
118
In electrospray ionization, there are 3 important processes that occur in order to transfer sample ions from the HPLC eluent into the gas phase within the MS
1) Production of charged droplets at the capillary tip
2) Desolvation of the droplets
3) Production of gas phase ions from small/highly charged droplets
119
What is the name of the structure of synthetic cathinones?
β-keto amphetamines
120
What the metabolites of fentanyl?
Despropionylfentanyl, Norfentanyl, Hydroxyfentanyl
