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Organismal Bio > More Questions > Flashcards

More Questions Flashcards

0
Q

What are genes?

A

A basic unit of inheritance; The hereditary determinant for a trades

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1
Q

What are some challenges to natural selection is a prime agonism for evolution?

A

..

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2
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alternate versions of the same gene; one inherited from each parent

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3
Q

What are two types of alleles?

A

Dominant, and recessive

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4
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A total combination of genes

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5
Q

What are the two possible genotypes?

A

Homozygous, and heterozygous

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6
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A physical expression of a genotype; for example, purple or white flowers

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7
Q

What are Mendels contributions to evolutionary thought?

A

Population genetics, principle of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment. He wanted to analyze how traits were transmitted from parents to offspring in

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8
Q

What does it mean to have homozygous alleles?

A

Having two of the same allele

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9
Q

What does it mean to have heterozygous alleles?

A

Having two different alleles

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10
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

And allele that produces its phenotype and heterozygous and homozygous forms

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11
Q

Describe Mendels law of segregation?

A

Two members of each gene pair must segregate into different gamete cells during the formation of eggs and sperm. As a result, each give me contains one allele of each gene; forms homozygous or heterozygous

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12
Q

What were Mendel’s laws of inheritance?

A

Hereditary determinants maintain their integrity from generation to generation. Instead of blending together, they act as discrete entities or particles. Mendels hypothesis was the only way to explain the observation that phenotypes disappeared in one generation and reappeared in tact in the next

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13
Q

What is the principle of independent assortment?

A

Alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of one another

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14
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in the allele frequencies of a population

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15
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg principle?

A

Under certain conditions of stability, both phenotype and genotype in a population will remain constant from generation to generation-I E, evolution will not occur; this is a no hypothesis

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16
Q

What are some assumptions that must be made for allele frequency to stay constant?

A

The reproductive success of all genotypes must be equal; no natural selection no genetic drift no gene flow no mutation; only random mating

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17
Q

What are some explanations for why alleles frequency might stay constant?

A

Population must be very large so no genetic drift; there must be no immigration or emigration which is gene flow; alleles must not undergo mutation, so no DNA copiers no knockouts, meeting must be totally random, so no sexual selection or geographic selection

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18
Q

What are two causes of genetic drift, and define them.

A

Founders effect: immigrants establish a new population in the new population is likely to have a different allele frequency and the source population. Genetic bottleneck: high mortality rates strike individuals at random and this also causes a difference in allele frequencies

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19
Q

What are some causes of micro evolution?

A

Differential reproductive success, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, sexual or geographic selection

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20
Q

How did understanding cell division, mitosis and meoisis, answer Darlins questions about how variation enters and remains in a population?

A

.

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21
Q

Explain have a field of genetics and evolution where is synthesized in the science of population genetics from which comes the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium model?

A

.

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22
Q

How does Hardy Weinberg principle serve as a null hypothesis?

A

Biologist often want to test whether nonrandom mating is occurring, not reflection is acting on a particular gene, or one of the other evolutionary processes at work. I think I should like to be the Hardy Weinberg functions of a null process. I’m no hypothesis predicts that there are no differences among the treatment groups and then experiment

23
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

It suggests the main criterion for identifying species as reproductive isolation. This is a logical yardstick because no gene flow occurs between populations that are reproductively isolated from one another

24
Q

What is pre-zygotic isolation?

A

Means before a zygote; prevents individuals of different species from mating

25
Q

What is post zygotic isolation?

A

Means after zygote; the offspring of meetings between members of different species do not survive a reproduce

26
Q

When does speciation occur?

A

Results from genetic isolation and genetic divergence; genetic isolation results from lack of gene flow, and genetic divergence occurs because selection, genetic drift, and mutation proceed independently in the isolated populations

27
Q

What are two types of reproductive isolation?

A

Pre-zygotic and post zygotic

28
Q

What is speciation?

A

A splitting event that creates two or more distinct species from a single ancestral species

29
Q

What are the two mechanisms of speciation?

A

Allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation

30
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Geographic isolation of the population via dispersal or some type of like geographic event that causes the interruption of gene flow

31
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Speciation occurs even though population played with in the same geographic area due to external events such as disruptive selection for extreme phenotypes based on different ecological niche is for internal events due to chromosomal mutation

32
Q

What is polyploidy and what are the two types?

A

Occurs when an error in Meosis or mitosis result in a doubling of chromosome pairs or a massive mutation. There are two types- autopolyploid: individuals that are produced when a mutation result of doubling a chromosome pairs and the chromosomes all come from the same species. Allopolyploid: individuals are created when parents that belong to different species meat and produce an offspring with different sets of chromosomes

33
Q

What are some pre-zygotic barriers that serve as mechanisms for reproductive isolation?

A

Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

34
Q

What are some post zygotic barriers that serve as mechanisms for reproductive isolation?

A

Reduced hybrid viability, hybrids sterility

35
Q

What are the constraints to life on land?

A

Desiccation or a state of extreme dryness, obtaining of nutrients and water, transport of nutrients and water, support, water dependent dispersal of flagellated gametes

36
Q

What innovations did green plans developed to allow them to meet those constraints?

A

For desiccation, they developed a waxy cuticle, stomata and guard cells. In order to obtain water and nutrients, they grew roots. In order to transport nutrients and water, made it out to vascular system. For support, they developed a vascular system and lignin. And because they had a water dependent dispersal of flagellated gametes, they evolved to be able to have pollen grains protect sperm cells; seeds protect zygotes and embryos

37
Q

How did innovations in plans allow us to classify them?

A

These innovations allowed us to classify plants by whether they contain a vascular system or didn’t, whether they contain seeds or have no seeds and whether they were flowering plants; we were able to classify the land plants by the ways in which they evolved to survive on land in comparison to other land plants

38
Q

What are the classifications of land plants?

A

Bryophytes, (moss, spores, hornwort) which are nonvascular land plants; see Liz that’s clear plans like ferns and horsetails; gymnosperms like conifers and cycads, and angiosperms which are flowering land plants

39
Q

What are some examples of seedless vascular plants?

A

Furnace, Clubmoss, horse tail

40
Q

What are gymnosperms and what are some examples

A

Naked seed plants; some examples would be Cypress, sequoias, Fraser for trees, basically just a bunch of trees

41
Q

What are the two boxes of flowering plants?

A

Dicots and monocots

42
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water from root to leaf (evaporative process). It’s a solar powered evaporation from the

43
Q

What is the tissue that permits transpiration to occur?

A

Vascular tissue (xylem transports water and minerals and phloem transports sugar)

44
Q

What adaptions allow plants to resist transpiration?

A

Sick waxy cuticle that to minimize water loss from cells, stomata located on the underside of the leaves, trichomes (hair-like extensions of epidermal cells) that shield these pets from the atmosphere. They slow the water vapor from stomata to the dry air surrounding the leaves by creating a layer of still air is the rounding the stomata. Been Longleaf soups minimize the surface area exposed to sunlight and minimize transportation.

45
Q

What is the cohesion tension theory and how does it explain transport?

A

The water column in the xylem is unbroken from treetop to route because of strong cohesion and adhesion of water. The key concept is that the negative force or pole generated at the air water interface is transmitted through the water outside to leave cells to the water in the xylem to the water in the vascular tissue of the roots and finally to the water in the soil

46
Q

What is cohesion?

A

A molecular attraction among lake molecules such as hydrogen bonding

47
Q

What is adhesion?

A

A molecular attraction btwn unlike molecules

48
Q

How is sugar transported throughout the plant? What tissue is responsible?

A

Phloem; translocate’s sugar from the source, which is the site of sugar production via photosynthesis or breakdown of starch in the leaves roots are stem to think which is the site of sugar storage or consumption in the roots fruit or shoot tips

49
Q

Which part of the process of transpiration and the transport of sugar is passive or active?

A

Water is passive because it’s caused by mass or bowl of flow which is basically caused by pressure differences (gravitational hydrostatic pressure or muscle contraction) or diffusion, which is caused by concentration gradients like osmosis, which is when water diffuses through a semi permeable membrane. Xylem acts as a passive conduit, a set of Nero pipes that allows water to move from a region of high water potential the roots to a region of low water potential believes. Water flows from roots to shoots as long as the water potential gradient from the route to leave to atmosphere is intact. The transport of sugar is active as sugar is loaded in from the source to your high-pressure and unloading of sugar occurs in low-pressure in the sink

50
Q

Which nutrients can plants provide for themselves? How do they obtain those that they cannot provide?

A

Plants can provide glucose for themselves, but they cannot provide CO2, water, and minerals. These are gained through photosynthesis

51
Q

Which different ways have plants Evald to obtain nutrients from the environment?

A

.

52
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

.

53
Q

How does alteration of generations different from plant groups? (I’m referring to the cycles)

A

.

54
Q

What two cell types make up the phloem?

A

Sieve tube elements

Companion cells

Organismal Bio (2 decks)

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