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LING 101 > Morphology > Flashcards

Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Morpheme

A

Most basic unit of linguistics that holds meaning (ex. unbuttoned has 3 morphemes)

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2
Q

Prefixes

A

Morphemes at the beginning of the word (ex. anti-, re-, un-)

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3
Q

Suffixes

A

Morphemes at the end of a word (ex. -ing, -able, -s)

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4
Q

Infixes

A

Morphemes in the middle of the word (ex. -fucking- (abso-fucking-lutely)

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5
Q

Inflectional

A

Adds more grammatical information to the word without changing meaning (number, case ,etc.)

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6
Q

Derivational

A

Alters the meaning of a word (ex. wrap vs unwrap)

Can be done through other methods, not just suffix, infix, prefix (Ex. cringe (verb) vs. cringe (adjective))

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7
Q

Free Morpheme

A

A morpheme that can stand alone (ex. cat)

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8
Q

Bound Morpheme

A

A morpheme that cannot stand alone and needs to “bound” to another to have a proper meaning (ex. CATS: cat - free, s - bound)

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9
Q

Possessor

A

Morpheme that indicates the possession of something

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10
Q

Root

A

The core of the world, dictates the meaning of the word

(Ex. happiness - happy)

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11
Q

Affix

A

The bound morphemes that attach to the root

(Ex. happiness - ness)

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12
Q

Base (Stem)

A

The part of the word that affixes are added to

(Ex. Happiness - happi)

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13
Q

Concatenative

A

The morpheme are added beside the root word

(Ex. un-writt-en)

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14
Q

Non-Concatenative

A

The morphemes are added within the root word

(Ex. (Arabic root word for written - ktb turns into “unwritten” - kutib (imbedding u and i))

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15
Q

Cautionary Note

A

Sometimes words with prefix, suffix, or infix don’t have root words

(Ex. submit, receive - these are all 1 morpheme)

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16
Q

Noun

A

Entities - places, things, people, etc.

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17
Q

Verb

A

Actions, doing something

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18
Q

Adjective

A

Qualities/characteristics of nouns, descriptive words

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19
Q

Adverb

A

qualities/characteristics that describe verbs

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20
Q

Apposition

A

Express spatial/temporal relations

(Ex. on, at , when, for, by, over, under, while, during)

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21
Q

Class 1 Derivational Class

A

Triggers phonemic change
(Ex. the second c in critic changed from a [k] to a [s] in criticize)

22
Q

Class 2 Derivational Class

A

Phonologically neutral, there is no effect on the phonemic makeup of the word or its stress placement

(Ex. fear - fearless)

23
Q

Compounding

A

Combining free morphemes (full words) to create a new word

(Ex. binge+watch = bingewatch, hand+watch = handwatch)

  1. Stress is usually on the first word
  2. Tense and plural morphemes can only be added to the second word.

(Ex. dropped kick is wrong but drop kicked is right)

  1. Its category (verb, noun, adjective) determined by the right most word in the compound

(Ex. watch determines compound - noun and verb in this specific case)

24
Q

Endocentric Compound

A

The meaning of the compound comes from the actual words, its obvious what it means
(Ex. blue-bird, drop-kick)

25
Q

Exocentric Compound

A

meaning refers to something external, its not obvious from the words what the compound us referring to.
(Ex. sabre-tooth, redneck)

26
Q

Inflection: Affixation

A

Things infection marks
1. Tense

  1. Number - Marked by SG for singular, PL for plural
  2. Person - first, second, third (marked by actual numbers)
  3. Aspect - perfect, progressive
  4. Mood - indicative, subjunctive
27
Q

Progressive

A

In the process of happening
(Ex. -ing)

Marked by PROG

28
Q

Past Participle

A

In the past and is done now
(Ex. eaten, studied)

29
Q

Comparative

A

Comparing things
(Ex. smallER one)

30
Q

Superlative

A

The most
(Ex. smallEST one)

31
Q

Inflection: Internal Change

A

An internal change that doesn’t change meaning
(Ex. come - came, foot - feet)

32
Q

Inflection: Suppletion

A

When a word is changed entirely but still has the same meaning
(Ex. go - went, see - saw)

33
Q

Inflection: Case Markings

A

Subject is nominative and is marked by -NOM

Object is accusative and is marked by -ACC

34
Q

Reduplication

A

Repeating part of the base
(Ex. Indonesian: orang means man singular vs. orang orang means man plural)

35
Q

Tone

A

Different tones can differentiate infection
(Ex. wó - like past tense, wò kill future tense)

36
Q

Cliticization

A

I am turns into i’m
they are turns into they’re

37
Q

Conversion/Zero Derivation

A

ship (water vehicles) ship (to send)
friend (noun) friend (verb)

38
Q

Clipping

A

Hamburger becomes burger
Application becomes app

39
Q

Blending

A

Romance and bro become bromance
Jeans and leggings become jeggings

40
Q

Backformation

A

Vapour - vape
Editor - edit

41
Q

Acronym

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO
You only live once - YOLO

You don’t pronounce the letters you pronounce it as a word

42
Q

Initialisms

A

United States of America - USA
Do it yourself - DIY

You pronounce each individual letter

43
Q

Onomatopoeia/ideophones

A

sounds as words

44
Q

Coinage

A

words created from scratch

(Ex. Kleenes, Jacuzzi)

45
Q

Allomorph

A

The different forms a morpheme can take
(Ex. -s, -es, -ies or in, im, il, ir)

46
Q

Dative Case

A

Indirect Object
Marked by DAT

47
Q

Ablative Case

A

Movement away from something or separation
Marked by ABL

48
Q

Vocative Case

A

Indicates location or place
Marked by VOC

49
Q

Instrumental Case

A

Marks the instrument or the means by which an action is carried out
Marked by INS

50
Q

Locative Case

A

Indicates the location of something
Marked by LOC

LING 101 (3 decks)

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