Morphology

Question 1

Morphology

Answer 1

the study of words and word formation

Question 2

What is a word

Answer 2

the smallest free form in a language

Question 3

Free form (aka a word)

Answer 3

has meaning even when it appears in isolation and doesn’t have to occur in a fixed position

Question 4

the smallest meaningful unit in a language

Answer 4

morpheme

Question 5

example of a morpheme

Answer 5

-s

Question 6

-s

Answer 6

not a word (has no meaning in isolation and has meaning only in a fixed position)

Question 7

What is ‘word’ defined as in linguistics

Answer 7

a free morpheme

Question 8

Free morpheme

Answer 8

the smallest unit of a language that is both meaningful and free

Question 9

Bound morpheme

Answer 9

the smallest unit of a language that is meaningful but not free

Question 10

How many morphemes is in each of these words:

and, couple, hunt, act

Answer 10

one

Question 11

How many morphemes is in each of these words:

couples, hunter, active

Answer 11

two

Question 12

How many morphemes is in each of these words:

hunters, activate

Answer 12

three

Question 13

How many morphemes is in each of these words:

reactivate

Answer 13

four

Question 14

allomorphs

Answer 14

variant forms of a morpheme

Question 15

examples of allomorphs

Answer 15

a/an (both are articles)

-en/-ed (both can mean ‘past’)

Question 16

Phonological morphemes (also allomorphs)

Answer 16

• -s: cat[s], dog[z]

- -ed: walk[t], snor[d], skat[Id]

Question 17

affix

Answer 17

a bound morpheme that changes the meaning and/or syntactic category of the base word (root, stem, core)

Question 18

examples of affixes

Answer 18

• prefix
• suffix
• infix

Question 19

prefix

Answer 19

un-, re-

Question 20

suffix

Answer 20

-ist, -ness

Question 21

infix:

Answer 21

-fucking- as in ‘absofuckinglutely

Question 22

two kinds of bound morphemes (or affixes)

Answer 22

1. inflectional morphemes

2. derivational morphemes

Question 23

inflectional morphemes

Answer 23

don’t change the syntactic category of the base word or the word meaning
- always suffixes (in English)

Question 24

examples of inflectional morphemes

Answer 24

-s, -ing, -ed, -est, -er

Question 25

derivational morphemes

Answer 25

affixes that change the meaning and/or syntactic category of the base word

Question 26

example of derivational morpheme

Answer 26

-er; teach becomes teacher | un-; kind becomes unkind

Question 27

Example of how meaning is altered to a greater degree in derivation

Answer 27

'heart' becomes 'heartless'

Question 28

what are derived words

Answer 28

lexically independent; have own dictionary entries

Question 29

derivational affixes

Answer 29

attach to the base before inflectional affixes

Question 30

example of derivational affix

Answer 30

neighborhoods base word: neighbor (a person) derivational affix; -hood (changes a perosn into a place) inflectional affix: -s (makes it plural)

Question 31

What do most new words result from?

Answer 31

the manipulation of existing words (and often when they become culturally necessary)

Question 32

Conversion (shifting)

Answer 32

a special type of derivation that occurs without the addition of an affix

Question 33

examples of conversion

Answer 33

'butter' as a verb 'drink' as a noun 'empty' as a verb

Question 34

Compounding

Answer 34

the combination of two already existing words

Question 35

examples of compounding

Answer 35

'greenhouse,' 'underestimate,' 'overripe'

Question 36

Rules for compounding

Answer 36

1. the right-most word determines the syntactical category 2. tense and plural markers attach to the end 3. in adjective-noun compounds, stress is on the first part (ex. 'blackboard' vs. 'black board'

Question 37

Clipping

Answer 37

shortening a word | ex. laboratory to lab

Question 38

Blending

Answer 38

the combining of at least one clipped word with another word | ex. blog, brunch, chillax

Question 39

Reduplication

Answer 39

the repetition of the whole word or part of the word for intensification ex. 'hanky-panky'

Question 40

Generification

Answer 40

the process by which a trademarked consumer product name becomes the word for the object in general ex. 'Band-Aid,' 'Frisbee'

Question 41

Acronymy

Answer 41

adopting an acronym as a word ex. 'radar,' 'sonar,' AIDS - different from alhabetism: LOL, USA

Question 42

Backformation

Answer 42

the creationg of a new word by removing an affix, or what seems to be an affix but really isn't ex. 'beggar' led to the verb 'beg'

Question 43

Morphological misanalysis

Answer 43

the creation of new words by incorrectly breaking up the morphemes 'chocoholic' - 'holic' is not a suffix

Question 44

Borrowing

Answer 44

the many words adopted into a language from other languages

Question 45

Content words (the open class of words)

Answer 45

nounds, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Question 46

susceptible to change over time

Answer 46

content words

Question 47

ready accept new words and/or new word forms

Answer 47

content words

Question 48

Nouns (unusual inflectional changes)

Answer 48

inflectional changes not always marked with affixes

Question 49

Unusual inflectional changes in nouns

Answer 49

'goose' to 'geese' | 'tooth' to 'teeth'

Question 50

Why is an unusual inflectional change in a noun different from an infix

Answer 50

the base into which an infix is placed typically exists as a morpheme in the language: 'gse' is not a morpheme'

Question 51

Verbs (unusual inflectional changes)

Answer 51

inflectional changes not always marked with affixes - suppletion - internal changes

Question 52

suppletion

Answer 52

'am' to 'was' or 'go' to 'went'

Question 53

Internal changes

Answer 53

'fall' to 'fell' | 'sing' to 'sang'