Morphology Flashcards
(40 cards)
A set of morphs as allomorphs of the same morpheme if they are in ….
complementary distribution (CD)
Derivational suffixes
influence the meaning of a word. add up to the root to form a word. change the part of speech of the word.
What are the natures of morphemes? 6
- It is the morphs rather thn morphemes that are made up of phonemes
- There is no good reason why a particular sound or string of sound has a particular meaning
3 the same string of sounds may represent several morphemes
- In general, each different morph represents a seperate morpheme.
A single morph simultaneously represent a bundle of several different grammatical elements
portmanteau morph
Phonologically-conditioned allomorph
When its phonological properties are similar to those sounds found in a neighboring allomorph of other morpheme
E.g: the morpheme {-s2} noun plural marker:
/s/ ending with a voiceless sound except /s/
….
Bound morpheme
cannot be uttered alone with meaning.
It is always annexed to one or more morphemes to form a word.
Suffixes
are bound morphemes which follow the root
Infixes
occur within the root
Stem extender
empty formatives are interposed bw the root, base, or stem and an affix.
compet-it-ive
Stem
that part of a word that is in existence before any inflecional affixes have been added.
Free morpheme
can be uttered alone with menaing
The suppletion allomorph
a few morphemes whose allomorphs show no phonetic similarity
bad - worse - worst
Lexical morphemes
morphemes forming units of vocabulary. play the main role in the meaning of the word
E.g.: roots, prefixes, and suffixes are lexical morphemes
roots: aqua, audio
prefixes: ex-, in-, un-
suffixes: -able, -ation
syncretism
different grammatical words are represented by the same word forms
I Walked – I have walked
Define morph. Example.
A physical form representing some morpheme in a language. It is a recurrent distintive sound (phoneme) or sequence of sounds (phonemes)
E.g. /ai/ : I
morph : morpheme
Base
is a unit whatsoever to which affixes of any kind can be added
2 kinds of affixes: inflectonal affixes IS (selected for syntactic reansons) [-s (plural)]- derivational affixes DS (alter the meaning or grammatical category of the base [-ish]
Prefixes
are bound morphemes which precede the root.
Roots
Roots constitute the nuclei (or cores) of all words. Most are free morphemes but some a bound
Morphs are said to be in CD if
- They represent the same meaning or serve the same grammatical function
- They are never found in identical contexts
Define morpheme. Example.
morphemes are the minimal meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words
call-er
Grammatical morphemes
morphemes that detemine the grammatical function of words
E.g: {-s} the plural morphemes, the simple past morphemes {-ed}, the morphemes of comprison of short adj {-er}, {-est}
Differences between morphemes, words, syllables,
Morphemes: minimal units which may constitute words or parts of words
Words:a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing
Syllables: a unit in speech which is often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word
Grammatically-conditioned allomorph
it may be dependent on the presence of a particular grammatical element.
The choice of the replacive allomorph /v>v/ in plural nouns or in simple past tense is grammatically-conditioned
E.g.: Foot - feet
Give - gave
lexically-conditioned allomorph
use of a particular allomorph may be obligatory if a certain word is present.
sheep=sheep + 0
child= child + {-ren}
