Morphology- Week 7

Question 1

Morphology

Answer 1

the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.

Question 2

morpheme

Answer 2

the smallest meaningful unit in a language.

Question 3

affix

Answer 3

a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.

Question 4

affixation

Answer 4

a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is attached to a morphological base.

Question 5

agglutinating language

Answer 5

a language in which words are made up of a linear sequence of distinct morphemes and each component of meaning is represented by its own morpheme.

Question 6

allomorph

Answer 6

a variant phonological form of a morpheme, that is, when a unit of meaning varies in sound without changing the meaning

Question 7

alternation

Answer 7

the phenomenon of a morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonological realization. Each of the various realizations is called an alternant. The variation may be conditioned by the phonological, morphological, and/or syntactic environment in which the morpheme finds itself.

Question 8

ambiguity

Answer 8

a quality of language that makes speech or written text open to multiple interpretations.

Question 9

analytic language

Answer 9

any language that uses specific grammatical words, or particles, rather than inflection (q.v.), to express syntactic relations within sentences.

Question 10

bound morpheme

Answer 10

a morpheme that can appear only as part of a larger expression;

Question 11

bound root

Answer 11

a root which cannot occur as a separate word apart from any other morpheme.

Question 12

closed lexical category

Answer 12

rarely acquire new members.

Question 13

compounding

Answer 13

a lexeme that consists of more than one stem.

Question 14

conjunction

Answer 14

linguistic elements that link two or more words, phrases, clauses, or sentences within a larger unit, in such a way that a specific semantic relation is established between them.

Question 15

content morpheme

Answer 15

a root that forms the semantic core of a major class word. Content morphemes have lexical denotations that are not dependent on the context or on other morphemes.

Question 16

content word

Answer 16

a root that forms the semantic core of a major class word. Content morphemes have lexical denotations that are not dependent on the context or on other morphemes.

Question 17

derivation

Answer 17

the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as un- or -ness.

Question 18

determiner

Answer 18

a word or a group of words that specifies, identifies, or quantifies the noun or noun phrase that follows it. It is also known as a prenominal modifier.

Question 19

form

Answer 19

meaningful unit of speech (such as a morpheme, word, or sentence)

Question 20

free morpheme

Answer 20

A morpheme that can carry meaning on its own, and does not require a prefix, suffix, or infix to give it meaning.

Question 21

function morpheme

Answer 21

is a morpheme which simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning

Question 22

function word

Answer 22

words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker.

Question 23

fusional language

Answer 23

a language that forms words by the fusion (rather than the agglutination) of morphemes, so that the constituent elements of a word are not kept distinct.

Question 24

hierarchical structure

Answer 24

any ordering of units or levels on a scale of size, abstraction, or subordination.

Question 25

homophony

Answer 25

when a set of words are pronounced identically, but have different meanings.

Question 26

incorporation

Answer 26

phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function. The inclusion of a noun qualifies the verb, narrowing its scope rather than making reference to a specific entity.

Question 27

infix

Answer 27

a word element (a type of affix) that can be inserted within the base form of a word—rather than at its beginning or end—to create a new word or intensify meaning.

Question 28

inflection

Answer 28

a process of word formation, in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness.

Question 29

input

Answer 29

refers to the exposure learners have to authentic language in use. This can be from various sources, including the teacher, other learners, and the environment around the learners. Input can be compared to intake, which is input then taken in and internalized by the learner so it can be applied.

Question 30

lexical category

Answer 30

A linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items), generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behavior of the lexical item in question, such as noun or verb.

Question 31

lexicon

Answer 31

language's inventory of lexemes.

Question 32

open lexical category

Answer 32

A lexical category is open if the new word and the original word belong to the same category. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are open lexical categories.

Question 33

output

Answer 33

is the language they produce, either in speaking or writing

Question 34

partial reduplication

Answer 34

occurs only with bases(root words) which begin with a consonant.

Question 35

polysynthetic language

Answer 35

highly synthetic languages, i.e. languages in which words are composed of many morphemes (word parts that have independent meaning but may or may not be able to stand alone). They are very highly inflected languages.

Question 36

prefix

Answer 36

an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word. ..

Question 37

preposition

Answer 37

the placing of one linguistic element before another (as placing a modifier before the word it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix before the base to which it is attached

Question 38

productive

Answer 38

the degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation. It compares grammatical processes that are in frequent use to less frequently used ones that tend towards lexicalization.

Question 39

pronoun

Answer 39

a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. It is a particular case of a pro-form.

Question 40

reduplicant

Answer 40

a word-formation process in which meaning is expressed by repeating all or part of a word.

Question 41

reduplication

Answer 41

a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.

Question 42

root

Answer 42

a word that does not have a prefix in front of the word or a suffix at the end of the word. The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.

Question 43

simultaneous affix

Answer 43

An affix is articulated at the same time as some other affix or affixes in a word's stem; exists only in visual-gestural languages.

Question 44

stem

Answer 44

a part of a word used with slightly different meanings and would depend on the morphology of the language in question.

Question 45

suffix

Answer 45

an affix which is placed after the stem of a word

Question 46

suppletion

Answer 46

the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate. For those learning a language, suppletive forms will be seen as "irregular" or even "highly irregular".