Motivation

Question 1

What are the broad types of goals?

Answer 1

General, tend to be long term
Specific, tend to be short term

Question 2

Is it better to have long or short term goals?

Answer 2

It’s better to have a bit of both, long term goals help you have meaning and be organized but too much focus on those might lead to inflexibility on short term goals

Question 3

What are idiographic goals?

Answer 3

Goals unique to individuals that pursue them

Question 4

What did Klinger propose? What about Little? What about Emmon?

Answer 4

Klinger proposed current concerns, an ongoing motivation that persists until abandoned or accomplished
Little proposed personal projects, what people actually do and put effort into
Emmon proposed personal strivings, long-term goals that can organize broad areas of a person’s life

Question 5

How can strivings be a source of difficulty?

Answer 5

When they contradict each other, as Horney put it.

Question 6

What are nomothetic goals?

Answer 6

Small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues.

Question 7

What are the Big 3 in motivation?

Answer 7

Need for achievement: striving for excellence
Affiliation: finding and maintaining close emotional relationships
and power: feeling strong and influencing others

Question 8

What are the big 5 of motivation?

Answer 8

Needs that map onto the Big 5, exploration, defense, organization, cooperation and understanding.

Question 9

What are the Big 2 in motivation?

Answer 9

Goals related to work and to social interaction.

Question 10

What are the name of the goals Dweck came up with?

Answer 10

Judgement goals: seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself
Development goals: seeking to improve oneself

Question 11

What patterns do the goals Dweck came up with result?

Answer 11

Development goal -> mastery-oriented pattern
Judgement goal -> helpless pattern

Question 12

Which personal constructs lead to which goal Dweck talked about?

Answer 12

Entity theories -> judgement goal
Incremental theories -> development goal

Question 13

What are entity theorists and what are incremental theorists?

Answer 13

One believes personality qualities are unchangeable and tend to blame failure on lack of skills while the other believes personality qualities can change with time and experience and tend to blame failure on lack of effort

Question 14

What is a downside of each of the world views presented by Dweck?

Answer 14

Entity : less likely to improve
Incremental : more likely to fail in another task after failing in a previous task

Question 15

What is the most interesting personality strategy?

Answer 15

Optimism and pessimism.

Question 16

What is a similarity between optimists and pessimists?

Answer 16

Both motivate behaviour and both are valid coping mechanisms.

Question 17

What are defensive pessimists?

Answer 17

People that expect the worst so they can be pleasantly surprised when it doesn’t happen.

Question 18

What are two questions that arise when thinking about optimism/pessimism?

Answer 18

How general are the strategies? (generally consistent but leaves room for different use in different situations)
Which is better? (too much optimism leads to carelessness and ignoring social connections, pessimism is more adaptive but too much pessimism leads to a gloom outlook in life)

Question 19

what are the motivational theories of personality that already been discussed?

Answer 19

Freudian and neo: sexual, aggressive and defensive motives
Humanistic: motivation towards self-actualization
Existential: motivation to make meaning and avoid death anxiety
Behaviourist: motivated by rewards and punishments

Question 20

What are the elements to motivation?

Answer 20

exerting a particular effort level (Intensity/effort) for a certain amount of time (persistence) towards a particular goal (direction)

Question 21

What are the different models to idiographic goals and their properties/limitations?

Answer 21

Current concern, conscious, in ur mind
Personal projects, actions
Personal strivings, longer term

They’re conscious, specific and change over time

Question 22

What’s the SDT?

Answer 22

Self-determination theory, a humanistic theory that wants to explain the factors that support the ambition humans have towards growth.
Seeds have a tendency to grow but it needs the right nutrients and ambient. Humans have a set of basic psychological needs that must be fulfilled for optimal psychological and physical health.

Question 23

What is the McCleland’s theory of needs?

Answer 23

It’s a nomothetic theory that says there are 3 primary motives or goals that people have: power, affiliation and achievement. Different levels of it.

Question 24

Why are BPNs considered basic on the SDT?

Answer 24

Because they’re innate and universal.

Question 25

Who are the fathers of the SDT?

Answer 25

Edward Deci and Richard Ryan

Question 26

What are the BPNs? What do they bring?

Answer 26

Competence, autonomy and relatedness. Optimal motivation, well-being and integration

Question 27

What is relatedness?

Answer 27

A need to feel connected to and cared for by others, it’s supported by promoting inclusion, showing empathy and fostering warm relationships. It can be thwarted by neglecting or rejecting efforts to connect.

Question 28

What is competence?

Answer 28

The need to feel effective and capable in one’s activities and to experience mastery. It can be fostered by offering constructive feedback, creating opportunities for skill development and ensuring tasks are optimally challenging.

Question 29

What is autonomy?

Answer 29

The need to feel in control of one’s actions and to act in alignment with one’s values and interests. It can be fostered by providing choice, encouraging self-initiation, and respecting individual preferences. DOESNT MEAN INDEPENDENCE NECESSARILY

Question 30

What was the SDT motivational model a response to?

Answer 30

The behaviorist model, they were interested in free will, determination and human agency.

Question 31

What are the types of motivation? What did STD bring to the table?

Answer 31

Extrinsic and intrinsic, it was the first to classify motivation into two broad types.

Question 32

what’s the best example of intrinsic motivation?

Answer 32

Children’s play.

Question 33

Who coined the term? What did he find?

Answer 33

Harry Harlow, observing chimps, he observed that compensating that behaviour diminished it.

Question 34

What are the factors associated with the facilitation of intrinsic motivation?

Answer 34

Relatedness, competence and autonomy.

Question 35

What facilitates intrinsic motivation in the free-choice paradigm?

Answer 35

Absence of pressure, choice (instead of micro managing), optimal challenges and warmth

Question 36

What’s the biggest difference between the behaviourist model and SDT?

Answer 36

If you reward someone, on the behaviourist model the action will increase, but on the SDT the action, if intrinsic before, will actually become less persistent (Deci, 1971)

Question 37

What’s the motivational continuum?

Answer 37

Amotivated External: compliance Introjected: internal nagging Identified: personal importance, maybe for a cause that’s important or aligns with other goals you have Integrated: congruence, synthesis with self Intrinsic: interest, enjoyment