Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Torrington & Hall

A

1991: work design - motivation - satisfaction and performance
(Conclusion that arrows between concepts are multidirectional and not all there all the time)

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2
Q

Kerr

A

1995: too often the types of behaviour rewarded are those which the rewarder is trying to discourage, while the behaviour desired is not being rewarded at all

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3
Q

What do CONTENT theories describe?

A

What motivates people

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4
Q

Maslow

A

1943: hierarchy of needs, physiological to self-actualisation

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5
Q

Herzberg

A

1968: compressed Maslow into intrinsic motivators and extrinsic hygiene factors

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6
Q

Alderfer

A

1969: condensed Maslow into ERG (existence, relatedness, growth); realised that multiple levels can be achieved at the same time and that different people place different weights on each level

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7
Q

McClelland

A

1988: Three needs theory - achievement, power, affiliation; everyone has the needs, some have more of one than another

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8
Q

Name five problems with the content theories of motivation?

A

1) Assumes everyone is the same, and is motivated by the same things in the same ways
2) Assumes that motivation is enough to improve performance
3) Assumes people work individually, rather than in teams
4) Do you really have to fulfil each level in turn?
5) Assumes organisational history/culture are exogenous

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9
Q

What do PROCESS theories describe?

A

How motivation occurs (and leads to performance and satisfaction)

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10
Q

Vroom

A

1964: Expectancy theory - effort, performance, reward; expectancy, instrumentality, valence

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11
Q

Porter & Lawler

A

1968: furthered Vroom, saying that the theory is mediated by individual perception of task and ability

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12
Q

Adams

A

1965: Equity theory - motivation is mediated by perceived fairness - comparison with peers. Distributional and procedural justice.

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13
Q

Locke

A

1968: Goal setting theory - the setting of specific targets is critical to induce effort to perform, with feedback to track goal achievement - not enough just to feel satisfied/motivated, we have a need to monitor progress

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14
Q

Kemp et al.

A

1980: the attention to motivation led to new types of work design - complexity; autonomy; job rotation, enlargement and enrichment

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15
Q

Name three problems with the process theories of motivation?

A

1) Development of fads in work design
2) A never-ending process - no job is ever perfectly designed for each individual’s tastes
3) Everything is mediated by context - e.g. culture, certainty

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