Motivation And Emotion

Question 1

Extrinsic

Answer 1

Motivated to perform a behaviour or engage in an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment

Question 2

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 2

Engaging in behavior because it is personally rewarding, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some external reward

Question 3

Instinct theories of motivation

Answer 3

They are evolutionarily programmed to do so

Question 4

Drive reduction theory

Answer 4

Biological needs that must be met if they are to survive

Question 5

Arousal theory: striving for an Optimal Level of Arousal

Answer 5

If arousal is less than the optimal level, we do something to stimulate it, if arousal exceeds the optimal level, we do something to stimulate it, if arousal exceeds the optimal level, we seek to reduce it

Question 6

Differ in level of arousal

Answer 6

Sensation seekers while others pore fer the routine and predictable

Question 7

What did Abraham Maslow

Answer 7

Hierarchy of needs to account for the range of human motivation

Question 8

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 8

-Physiological needs (water food shelter sleep sex)
-the safety and the security needs
-needs to belong, and to love and to be loved
-needs for self-esteem and the esteem of others
-need for self-actualization

Question 9

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 9

Motivation is based upon the primary drives (thirst and hunger)

Question 10

Thirst

Answer 10

Two types of thirst in which signal us to drink
-extracellular thirst (sweat)
-intracellular thirst (dehydration)

Question 11

Hunger anorexia

Answer 11

Damage to lateral hypothalamus (hunger center)

Question 12

Damage to Ventromedial hypothalamus causes?

Answer 12

Overeating (satiety center)

Question 13

Neuropeptides for hunger

Answer 13

Insulin, lepton molecules, function on the hypothalamus and thus coordinate behavioural physiological and metabolic responses

Question 14

Other hunger and satiety signals gene

Answer 14

Leptin

Question 15

Leptin

Answer 15

Released by adipocytes (fat cells) regulates body mass by acting directly on neuron of the hypothalamus that decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure

Question 16

Leptin deficiency

Answer 16

Stimulates hunger and feeding suppresses energy expenditure and inhibits reproductive competence

Question 17

Body reaction three phases

Answer 17

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Substrate phase

Question 18

Cephalic phase

Answer 18

The sight and smell cause anticipation, the parasympathetic and enteric divisions
in the ANS are activated, causing the secretion of saliva
into your mouth and digestive juices into your stomach

Question 19

Gastric phase

Answer 19

These responses grow when you start to eat

Question 20

Substrate phase

Answer 20

As you fill, food moves into your
intestines, nutrients begin to be absorbed into your
blood stream.

Question 21

What is ghrelin

Answer 21

is highly concentrated in the
stomach and is released in the bloodstream when the stomach is
empty.

Question 22

Ghrelin is a hormone produced in the stomach and the function of
which is to tell the brain that the body has to be fed. Thus, the
level of this secretion increases before eating and decreases after.

Answer 22

Ghrelin is a hormone produced in the stomach and the function of
which is to tell the brain that the body has to be fed. Thus, the
level of this secretion increases before eating and decreases after.

Question 23

Removal of the ghrelin

Answer 23

secreting cells of the stomach is thought
to cause the loss of appetite experienced by patients undergoing
gastric surgery for obesity.

Question 24

The meal ends by the concerted actions of several satiety
signals, three of which include:

Answer 24

gastric distention,
• - the release of the gastrointestinal peptide
cholecystokinin,
• - the release of the pancreatic hormone insulin.

Question 25

Gastric distention

Answer 25

Stomach stretches, which is a powerful satiety signal, and sends info to the brain via the vagus nerve

Question 26

Cholecystokinin

Answer 26

released in response to stimulation of the intestines by certain food types, especially fatty ones. It acts to inhibit feeding behavior.

Question 27

Insulin

Answer 27

Beta cells of the pancreas, glucose transport in the other cells of the body requires insulin

Question 28

anabolic metabolism

Answer 28

when glucose is transported into liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose cells for storage, as well as catabolic metabolism

Question 29

The level of blood glucose in the blood is tightly regulated by the level of insulin

Answer 29

blood glucose levels are elevated when insulin levels are reduced: blood glucose levels fall when insulin levels rise.

Question 30

The Role of Genetic Factors in Body Weight

Answer 30

differences in body weight include differences in metabolic rates, the number of fat cells (adipose tissue) and potentially to differences in Set point.

Question 31

Set point theory

Answer 31

Genetically programmed to carry a certain amount of weight

Question 32

Where does motivation occur from

Answer 32

Motivation does not occur in a vacuum. Much of our motivation to act is fueled by our emotional state.

Question 33

William James proposed one of the first theories of emotion that attempted to

Answer 33

relate experience of emotion to physiological functions. He tried to describe the human experience of emotion.

Question 34

Emotions prepare and motivate us to respond adaptively to a variety of situations in life.

Answer 34

Emotions prepare and motivate us to respond adaptively to a variety of situations in life.

Question 35

Fear motivated

Answer 35

Flee or to perform protective behaviors

Question 36

Psychologists three components

Answer 36

Physical Cognitive Behavioral

Question 37

Physical component

Answer 37

physiological arousal that accompanies the emotion. Without the physiological arousal, we would not feel emotion in all its intensity

Question 38

Cognitive component

Answer 38

the way we perceive or interpret a stimulus or situation – determines the specific emotion we feel.

Question 39

Behavioral components

Answer 39

outward expression of the emotions. Our facial expressions, gestures, body posture, and tone of voice stem and convey the emotions we are feeling within.

Answer 40

Some of the facial expressions that accompany emotion are innate and are the same across cultures. Others, however, are more influenced by culture and rules for displaying emotions.

Question 41

Theories of emotion

Answer 41

development of theories relating emotional expression and experience.

Question 42

first well-articulated theories of emotion

Answer 42

that we experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body.

Question 43

that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion based on this event.

Answer 43

that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion based on this event.

Question 44

You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.

Answer 44

You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.

Question 45

The theory proposed that emotional experience can occur independently of emotional expression. One of Cannon’s arguments against the James-Lang theory was that emotions can be experienced even if physiological changes cannot be sensed. Animal studies indicated that eliminating sensation did not reliably eliminate emotion. A second observation of Cannon’s that seems inconsistent with the James-Lang theory is the lack of reliable correlation between the experience of emotion and the physiological state of the body. For example, fear is accompanied by increased heart rate, inhibited digestion, and increased sweating. However, these same physiological changes accompany other emotions such as anger and even non-emotional conditions of illness such as fever.

Answer 45

The theory proposed that emotional experience can occur independently of emotional expression. One of Cannon’s arguments against the James-Lang theory was that emotions can be experienced even if physiological changes cannot be sensed. Animal studies indicated that eliminating sensation did not reliably eliminate emotion. A second observation of Cannon’s that seems inconsistent with the James-Lang theory is the lack of reliable correlation between the experience of emotion and the physiological state of the body. For example, fear is accompanied by increased heart rate, inhibited digestion, and increased sweating. However, these same physiological changes accompany other emotions such as anger and even non-emotional conditions of illness such as fever.