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Psych Exam 3 > Language, Cognition And Intelligence > Flashcards

Language, Cognition And Intelligence Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What is thinking

A

Creation of mental representations of the external world through mental images, concepts and words

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2
Q

Two tools used when we think

A

Images -
concepts

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3
Q

Mental images are constructed how

A

One part at a time

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4
Q

First step in mental images

A

Retrieve stored memories

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5
Q

Second step mental images

A

Arrange or assemble parts into a proper whole

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6
Q

Which brain hemisphere participates to form visual images

A

Both

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7
Q

We form a mental image and …

A

Manipulate it around in our mind much as we would an actual object

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8
Q

Neuroimaging studies show that in general…

A

The SAME AREA of spinal cord and brain are activated whether a person is actually performing or mentally rehearsing a task using imagery

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9
Q

What is a concept

A

A label that represents a class or group of concepts, people, or events that share common characteristics or attributes

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10
Q

What do concepts help us with

A

Order our world and think and communicate with speed and efficiency

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11
Q

Concept =

A

Mental grouping
Similar things, events, people that is used to remember and understand what things are, what they mean, and what categories or groups they belong to

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12
Q

Abstract concepts (3)

A

Love
Beauty
Justice

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13
Q

3 types of concepts

A

Tangible (objects and organisms)
Abstractions (love beauty justice)
Relational - to compare (larger THAN)

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14
Q

5 steps to acquiring concepts

A

1) From a Formal Definition of the concept
2) By systematically memorizing a concept’s common features
3) Through our experiences with positive and negative instances
of the concept
4) Through the use of prototypes
5) Through the use of exemplars

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15
Q

Decision making (def)

A

Process of considering alternatives ands choosing between them

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16
Q

Systematic processes

A

Examining all possible alternatives and then choosing the one that is most beneficial

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17
Q

Systematic processes in reality

A

In reality we rarely engage in this sort of formal, systematic approach to decision making . Many limitations around the decision-making process prevent it from being entirely systematic.

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18
Q

Heuristics

A

Decisions often based on heuristics - rule of thumb that are derived from experience

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19
Q

Heuristic types (3)

A

Availability
Representativeness
Recognition

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20
Q

Availability heuristics

A

Mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind (bias based upon personal experiences)

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21
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Decision strategy based on how closely a new situation resembles a familiar one (stereotypes)

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22
Q

Recognition heuristics

A

Strategy in which decision making process terminates as soon as a factor that moves one towards a decision has been recognized

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23
Q

Factors affection a persons decision making process (3)

A

Framing
Intuition
Anchoring

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24
Q

Framing

A

Effect = example of cognitive bias - people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented

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25
Problem solving techniques (3)
Trial and error Algorithms Heuristics
26
Trial and error
One possible solution after another tried until successful
27
Algorithms
Specific steps for solving certain problems
28
Heuristics problem solving
Guess based on experience (‘rule of thumb’)
29
Analogy heuristic
Comparing a problem to the others t you have encountered in the past
30
Working backwards
One starts with the solution - a known condition - and work our way backward through the problem
31
Two major impediments
Functional fixedness Mental state
32
Functional fixedness
Cognitive bias To see objects as only working in a particular way
33
What can functional fixedness prevent
Seeing the full range of use for an object
34
Functional fixedness prevents us from what
Thinking of alternative solutions to problems and different uses for objects
35
Mental state
Getting into a mental rut in our approach to solving problems Continuing to use the same old methods even though other approaches might be better
36
Scientist define language as
Means for communicating thoughts ans feeling using a system of socially shared but arbitrary symbols arranged according to rules of grammar
37
Five important components of language
Phonemes Morphemes Semantics (dénotation + connotation) Syntax
38
Phonemes
Smallest unit of sound that may cause a change of meaning within a language, but that doesn’t have meaning by itself
39
How many phonemes does the English language have
45
40
Morphemes
Smallest meaningful unit of language (series of phonemes) Can be pre fix…
41
Syntax
Aspect of grammar that specifies the rules for arranging and combining words to form phrases and sentences
42
Semantics
Meaning we derive from morphemes, words and sentences
43
Pragmatic
Characteristics of spoken language that help you decipher the social meaning of utterances, such as context and intonations ( the rise and fall of the voice in speaking)
44
Children acquire most of their language…
Without any formal teaching
45
Skinner theory
Argued that children learn language based on behaviourist reinforcement principles by associating words with meanings
46
Noam Chomsky argued the nativist position
Language ability is largely innate
47
Interaction isn’t perspective
Interactionists argue that language development is both biological and social.
48
How does APA define intelligence
The ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment to learn from experience
49
G factor
Variable that summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive tasks
50
Fluid intelligence
Capacity to figure out novel problems Assessed with tests with little cultural or scholastic content Current reasoning and problem solving capabilities
51
Crystallized intelligence
As consolidated knowledge Reflecting the skills and information that an individual acquirers ans retains throughout his or her life Dependant on education and other forms or acculturation Best assessed with tests that emphasize scholastic and cultural knowledge
52
Eight multiple intelligences
Verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinaesthetic, musical, intrapersonal and naturalist
53
Measuring intelligence first test by who
Alfred Binet
54
"What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities, that might place them in a special classroom?
To establish the differences that separate the normal child from the abnormal, and to measure such differences
55
William stern
Inventor of the concept of the intelligence quotient, IQ
56
IQ tests?
Practice of dividing the developmental age by chronological age
57
Intelligence testing in North America
Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale
58
Cognitive ability and intelligence test
Five weighted factors
59
Cognitive ability weighted factors (5)
Knowledge \ Quantitative reasoning Visual-spatial processing Working memory, and Fluid reasoning
60
Weshsler adult intelligence scale (4)
Verbal comprehension Perceptual reasoning Working memory Processing speed
61
Two overall summary scores (WAIS)
Full scale IQ General ability index
62
Important factors to the intelligence test
Validity Reliability Standardization
63
Validity
Degree to which a test actually measures what it is intended to measure Would measure intelligence
64
Reliability
Yield consistent scores from one time to the next
65
Standardization
Obtaining a norm, or sample of scores representative of the population, and is necessary in interpreting a particular subject’s score
66
Psychologist
Standardize tests so that they can interpret individual test results
67
Heritability
What percentage of the variation of a trait in a population is due to genetic differences in that population

Psych Exam 3 (2 decks)

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