Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

________________ is the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

What are the two basic types of motivation?

Answer 2

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

Question 3

_____________ ______________ is a type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.

Answer 3

Extrinsic motivation

Question 4

________________ _______________ is a type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

Answer 4

Intrinsic motivation

Question 5

What are the two early approaches to understanding motivation?

Answer 5

Instincts and the Evolutionary Approach & Drive-Reduction Theory

Question 6

The _________________ __________________ in understanding motivation focuses on the biologically determined and innate patterns of behaviour which are called instincts.

For example, the human instinct to reproduce is responsible for sexual behaviour, and the human instinct for territorial protection may be related to aggressive behaviour.

Answer 6

evolutionary approach

Question 7

The _________________ __________________ in understanding motivation established that some human behaviour is controlled by hereditary factors.

It mostly faded away as they could only describe human behaviour but could not explain it.

Answer 7

evolutionary approach

Question 8

The _____________-_____________ theory is an approach to motivation that assumes behaviour arises from internal drives to push the organism to satisfy physiological needs and reduce tension and arousal.

Answer 8

Drive-reduction theory

Question 9

What is a ‘need’ defined as in the drive-reduction theory?

Answer 9

A need is a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism.

Question 10

The psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfil the need and reduce the tension is defined as a ___________ in the drive-reduction theory.

Answer 10

drive

Question 11

What are the two categories of drives in the drive-reduction theory?

Answer 11

Primary and secondary drives.

Question 12

What are primary drives in the drive-reduction theory?

Answer 12

Primary drives are drives that involves biological or survival needs of the body such as hunger and thirst.

Question 13

_____________ drives are drives that are learnt through experience or conditioning, such as money or social approval.

Answer 13

Acquired/secondary

Question 14

___________________ is the tendency of the body maintaining a constant and steady internal environment.

Answer 14

Homeostasis

Question 15

In the drive-reduction theory, when there is a primary drive need, the body is in a state of imbalance, this stimulates or drives behaviour to bring the body back into balance. This is linked to the concept of ___________________

Answer 15

homeostasis

Question 16

David McClelland’s human motivation theory describes how people are driven by three main psychological needs: ________________, _________________ and ______________.

Answer 16

achievement, affiliation and power

Question 17

What is the need for affiliation (nAff) in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?

Answer 17

The need to be liked by others and to be held in high regard by those around them.

Question 18

What is the need for power (nPow) in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?

Answer 18

The need to have control over, have an influence over or make an impact on other people. Status and prestige are important in this need.

Question 19

What is the need for achievement (nAch) in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?

Answer 19

The need or strong desire in self-improving and attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.

Question 20

A person who is a good team player has a possibility of being high in which need in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?

Answer 20

Need for affiliation.

Question 21

A person who places importance in buying expensive cars and living in a bungalow has possibility of being high in which need in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?

Answer 21

Need for power.

Question 22

A person who is very focused in reaching career goals has a possibility of being high in which need in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?

Answer 22

Need for achievement.

Question 23

In Carol Dweck’s ____________-____________ of motivation, she proposes that the need for achievement is closely linked to personality factors, including a person’s view of how self (beliefs a person holds about their own abilities and relationships with others) can affect their perception of the success or failure of their actions.

Answer 23

self-theory

Question 24

What is an internal locus of control?

Answer 24

The assumption that an individual has control over what happens in their lives.

Question 25

What is an external locus of control?

Answer 25

The assumption that their lives are controlled by external factors such as powerful others, luck, or fate.

Question 26

What are people with an internal locus of control more likely to believe about intelligence?

Answer 26

They tend to think intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experiences and effort in small increases, or increments.

Question 27

What are people with an external locus of control more likely to believe about intelligence?

Answer 27

They tend to think intelligence is fixed and unchangeable.

Question 28

A _____________ motive is a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.

Answer 28

stimulus

Question 29

Based on the ___________ theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension that is best or ideal for them which they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.

Answer 29

arousal

Question 30

What is considered the optimal level of arousal in arousal theory?

Answer 30

Many arousal theorists believe that the optimal level of arousal for most people under normal circumstances is somewhere in the middle.

Question 31

A person who needs more arousal is called a ____________ ___________. These people seem to need more complex and varied sensory experiences compared to other people.

Answer 31

sensation seeker

Question 32

The _____________ _____________ describes behaviour in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties. The rewarding properties exist independently of any need or level of arousal and can cause people to act only upon the _____________.

Answer 32

incentive approach, incentive

Question 33

_____________ are things that attract or lure people into action.

Answer 33

Incentives

Question 34

The ________________ ______________ is where intrinsic motivation is diminished or extinguished after extrinsic rewards are given.

Answer 34

overjustification effect

Question 35

In Abraham Maslow's ________________ _____________ _____________ theory he proposed several levels or hierarchies of needs a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfilment.

Answer 35

hierarchy of needs

Question 36

From the bottom to the top, what are the hierarchy of needs based on Abraham Maslow's theory?

Answer 36

Physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualisation.

Question 37

What are deficiency needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 37

Needs that when not met, motivation would subsequently decrease.

Question 38

What are growth needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 38

Needs that when met will increase motivation.

Question 39

What are the needs in Maslow's hierarchy which are grouped as deficiency needs?

Answer 39

Physiological, safety, belongingness and love, and esteem needs.

Question 40

What is self-transcendence?

Answer 40

It is to strive for meaning and purpose beyond one’s own needs. This may lead to a person sacrificing their own needs to improve the needs of others.

Question 41

What is self-actualisation?

Answer 41

An ongoing lifelong process that only a small proportion of people can achieve this state of full human potential.

Question 42

Abraham Maslow described times in a person's life during which self-actualisation is temporarily achieved as ____________ _____________.

Answer 42

peak experiences

Question 43

What are physiological needs based on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 43

Needs such as food, water, warmth, and rest.

Question 44

According to Abraham Maslow, the process of growth and self-actualisation is striving to make peak experiences continuously. Is the previous statement true?

Answer 44

True

Question 45

In a revised version of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, there are 2 added needs between esteem needs and self-actualisation, what are the 2 new needs?

Answer 45

Cognitive and aesthetic needs.

Question 46

What are cognitive needs?

Answer 46

The need to know, understand, and explore.

Question 47

What are aesthetic needs?

Answer 47

The need to appreciate beauty, order, and symmetry.

Question 48

In the _____________-_____________ theory developed by Richard Ryan and Edward Deci, there are three inborn and universal needs which help people gain a complete sense of self and whole, healthy relationships with others.

Answer 48

self-determination

Question 49

What are the three needs in Richard Ryan & Edward Deci's self-determination theory?

Answer 49

**Autonomy** (The need to be in control of own behaviour and goals) **Competence** (The need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one's life) **Relatedness** (The need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others)

Question 50

In the ____________-_____________ theory, when one satisfies all their personal needs. They would gain satisfaction that would foster healthy psychological growth and increase the individual’s intrinsic motivation, focusing more on actions that are performed because they are internally rewarding or satisfying.

Answer 50

self-determination

Question 51

Are needs universal? Or do they vary across individuals?

Answer 51

They vary across individuals due to cultural influences.

Question 52

What are the two common categories of cultures?

Answer 52

Individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

Question 53

In _______________ cultures such as North America or Western Europe, personal achievement is highly valued; it is usually regarded as a product of personal talent, determination, intelligence and attitude. This perspective often minimises the influence of external factors such as the support of family or community, consequently, individuals in this culture are generally motivated to act based on personal motives or attitudes.

Answer 53

individualistic

Question 54

In _____________ cultures such as Latin America, Asia or Africa, they tend to prioritise the family, community or the country over individual interests. This perspective usually leads to people driven to behave in ways that would benefit the entire group. If an individual of a group fails, they may feel that they are not meeting the expectations of the group.

Answer 54

collectivistic

Question 55

Is an individualistic or a collectivistic culture more superior?

Answer 55

Neither of these perspectives are inherently superior, globalisation and the merging of cultures have made it so that individuals may have both individualistic and collectivistic motivations.

Question 56

___________ can be defined as the “feeling” aspect of consciousness.

Answer 56

Emotion

Question 57

What are the 3 main components of emotion?

Answer 57

Physical/physiological arousal, behavioural expression (that reveals the feeling to the outside world), and a cognitive interpretation/appraisal or inner awareness of the feeling.

Question 58

What is the difference between mood and emotion?

Answer 58

Mood is a long-lasting emotional state, emotions are temporary and short-lived, usually an immediate response to a specific or situation.

Question 59

Is there any relationship between emotions and motivations?

Answer 59

Emotions can motivate us to take action and conversely motivations can amplify emotions.

Question 60

Are emotions innate or learnt?

Answer 60

Some emotions are innate, however most emotions are learnt.

Question 61

What are some physiological changes or arousals that are created by the sympathetic nervous system when a person experiences an emotion?

Answer 61

Heart rate increases, breathing becomes more rapid, pupils dilate, and the mouth may become dry.

Question 62

_______________ arousal encompasses neural, hormonal, visceral and muscular changes created by the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 62

Physiological

Question 63

The ____________ of the limbic system is associated with fear-related emotions and memories, pleasure-seeking behaviours and also in facial expressions of human emotions.

Answer 63

amygdala

Question 64

How does emotional stimuli travel to the amygdala?

Answer 64

It consists of two routes, the subcortical route (or low road) and the cortical route (or high road).

Question 65

The ____________ route (or ______ road) for emotional stimuli allows for quick responses to stimuli that are possibly dangerous, sometimes before we actually know what the stimuli are.

Answer 65

subcortical, low

Question 66

The _____________ route (or ______ road) allows emotional awareness where it overrides the ___________ route and is able to take more conscious control of our emotional responses.

Answer 66

cortical, high, subcortical

Question 67

What are the subcortical areas that are involved in emotional aspects?

Answer 67

Hypothalamus (Activates the sympathetic nervous system) Thalamus (Relay station for sensory inputs) Hippocampus (Integrates emotional experiences with perceptual processes like sight and sound)

Question 68

What are the cortical areas that are involved in emotional aspects?

Answer 68

Frontal lobes (Involved in interpreting or appraisal of the emotions, left frontal lobe for positive, right frontal lobe for negative) Anterior cingulate cortex & orbitofrontal cortex (Controls and regulates emotions)

Question 69

_________________ ________________ or ______________ is when an element of emotion is interpreted into a subjective feeling by attaching meaning and by giving it a label such as: anger, fear, happiness, sadness and so on. This labelling process is also called the _________ element, because the process is a matter of retrieving memories of previous similar experiences, perceiving the context of the emotion and coming up with a label.

Answer 69

Cognitive interpretation, appraisal, cognitive

Question 70

Can labels of emotion differ based on individuals?

Answer 70

Yes they can, the labels are applied in part of a learned response influenced by language and culture. Labels may differ in people due to different cultural backgrounds.

Question 71

The _______________ ______________ component of emotions encompasses facial expressions, body movements, and actions (vocal tones and gestures), that are all methods of showing our emotions to others.

Answer 71

behavioural expression

Question 72

Charles Darwin theorised that emotions were a product of evolution and therefore, ___________. No matter the culture, all human beings show the _______ facial expression because the facial muscles were evolved to communicate specific information to onlookers.

Answer 72

universal, same

Question 73

What are the 7 universal emotions?

Answer 73

Joy/happiness, contempt, surprise, sadness, anger, fear and disgust.

Question 74

____________ ____________ are learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings. These rules are usually learnt from our family or peers. Some rules can dictate a social group or culture’s guidelines on the appropriate situations, context and methods for expressing emotions.

Answer 74

Display rules

Question 75

When we experience emotions, we may experience the same physiological changes or arousal, such as increased heart rate or rapid breathing during both fear and also attraction. This may lead to _______________ _______________ _____________ where we could mistake the arousal to be due to attraction rather than fear. The Dutton and Aron suspension bridge experiment is an example of this.

Answer 75

misattribution of arousal

Question 76

Arousal and valence are the two _____________ of emotions.

Answer 76

dimensions

Question 77

The ____________ dimension of emotion is defined as the intensity of an emotion.

Answer 77

arousal

Question 78

The ____________ dimension of emotion is defined on whether the emotion is positive or negative.

Answer 78

valence

Question 79

____________ valence of emotions, such as fear, can motivate us to avoid threatening situations, whereas _____________ valence of emotions can motivate us to approach a pleasant situation.

Answer 79

Negative, positive

Question 80

What are the 8 primary emotions Robert Plutchik classified in his emotion wheel?

Answer 80

Joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation.

Question 81

What did Robert Plutchik theorised from an evolutionary standpoint regarding the 8 innate emotions?

Answer 81

Plutchik argued from an evolutionary standpoint that these 8 innate emotions serve as behavioural triggers with substantial survival benefits.

Question 82

How did Robert Plutchik categorise the 8 emotions of his emotion wheel?

Answer 82

Plutchik categorised the 8 emotions into valency, the positive emotions are joy, trust, surprise and anticipation, whereas the negative emotions are fear, sadness, disgust and anger.

Question 83

According to Robert Plutchik, were we able to experience the 8 different emotions simultaneously?

Answer 83

Yes, however Plutchik theorised that we could not experience opposing emotions simultaneously. He suggested that we are able to blend and mix non-opposite emotions as well as adjacent ones. Plutchik also stated that we are able to experience emotions of varying intensity, aligning with the arousal dimension of emotion.

Question 84

In the ____________-____________ theory of emotion, it was theorised that a stimulus produced a feeling of a particular emotion which led to a physical reaction and then to a behavioural one.

Answer 84

common-sense

Question 85

In the ______________-_____________ theory of emotion, a stimulus produces a physiological reaction, which is the arousal of the “fight-or-flight” sympathetic nervous system, and produces bodily sensations, this physiological arousal is then interpreted as an emotion.

Answer 85

James-Lange

Question 86

In the ______________-______________ theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which then sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time.

Answer 86

Cannon-Bard

Question 87

The ________________ __________________ __________________ suggests that when emotions are expressed freely on the face, the emotion itself intensifies. A stimulus causes arousal and a facial expression, the facial expression then provides feedback to the brain about the emotion, the brain then interprets the emotion and may also intensify it.

Answer 87

facial feedback hypothesis

Question 88

In the _______________-_____________ ______________ ______________ theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to both bodily arousal and the labelling of that arousal (based on the surrounding environment), which leads to the experience and labelling of the emotional reaction.

Answer 88

Schacter-Singer cognitive arousal

Question 89

In the _______________ ______________-________________ theory of emotion, stimulus causes an immediate appraisal of the arousal experienced. The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily response.

Answer 89

Lazarus cognitive-mediational theory

Question 90

What are safety needs based on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 90

The need to feel safe and secure, or out of danger

Question 91

What are belongingness & love needs based on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 91

The need to be with others, belong and be accepted

Question 92

What are esteem needs based on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 92

The need to be prestigious, competent and recognised