Motivation and emotion

Question 1

What are the primary theories of motivation?

Answer 1

• drive theories
• incentive theories
• Evolutionary theories

Question 2

What are drive theories?

Answer 2

Concept of motivational forces that assumes an internal state of tension that motivates and organism to engage in activities that will reduce the tension and achieve homeostasis

• psychoanalytic
• behavioural

Question 3

What is the main flaw of drive theories

Answer 3

They can’t explain all motivation.

Question 4

What are incentive theories?

Answer 4

That external stimuli regulate motivational states by pulling people to act, source of motivation is external
- expectancy-value models

Question 5

What are expectancy-value models?

Answer 5

motivation to pursue a course of action depends on

• expectancy about one’s chances of attaining the incentive
• and the value of the desired incentive

Question 6

What are evolutionary theories?

Answer 6

Human motives are a product of evolution, based on adaptive value and maximize reproductive success

• best understood re adaptive problems they solved for hunter-gatherers
• affiliation motive

Question 7

How are human needs differentiated?

Answer 7

• bodily needs (10-15)

- social needs (unlimited numbers)

Question 8

What are the most studied motives?

Answer 8

• sex
• hunger
• achievement

Question 9

How have the theories of hunger evolved over time?

Answer 9

• first thought hunger caused by stomach
• then thought brain caused hunger w hypothalamus: lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial nucleus
• now hunger believed to be caused by neural circuits passing through the hypothalamus, LH and VMN just parts of the system

Question 10

What were thought to be the stop and start centres for hunger in rats?

Answer 10

• lateral hypothalamus was the start centre

- ventromedial nuclei were the stop centre

Question 11

What two new areas are thought to play role in modulating hunger?

Answer 11

• arcuate nucleus

- paraventricular nucleus

Question 12

What relation ship does glucose have with hunger?

Answer 12

• actions that decrease blood sugar increase hunger
• actions that increase blood sugar reduce hunger
• inverse relationship

Question 13

What is glucostatic theory?

Answer 13

Fluctuations in blood glucose level are monitored in the brain where they influence hunger

Question 14

What tells the brain to stop eating?

Answer 14

• cells in stomach signal brain stem to stop via the vagus nerve
• other nerves activated based on nutrient richness and stomach contents

Question 15

What are the hormones that regulate hunger?

Answer 15

• insulin: required for glucose extraction by cells
• ghrelin: secreted by stomach to promote hunger
• CCK: from upper intestines to reduce hunger
• Leptin: from fat cells to reduce hunger and inform hypothalamus re fat cells

Question 16

How does insulin secretion affect hunger?

Answer 16

Hunger is increased when insulin is secreted

• can be triggered by sight and smell of food
• sensitive to fat stores

Question 17

Where do the signals from all of the hormones converge?

Answer 17

In the hypothalamus in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei

Question 18

What does hunger ultimately depend on?

Answer 18

Complex interactions between:

• neural circuits
• neurotransmitters
• digestive processes
• hormonal fluctuations

Question 19

What are the key environmental factors of hunger regulation?

Answer 19

• availability of food
• learned preferences and habits
• stress

Question 20

What are the innate taste preferences at birth?

Answer 20

• sweet and fatty

- salty develops at around 4 months

Question 21

What are the two main taste learning methods?

Answer 21

• classical conditioning (calories + flavours)

- observational learning (familiarity + adult influence)

Question 22

How is BMI calculated?

Answer 22

Weight divided by height, squared (kg/m)2

Question 23

What does evolutionary theory say about obesity?

Answer 23

• eating motivated by instinct that unknown where next meal will come from
• not everyone will be obese due to overeating due to genetic variations

Question 24

Is mortality elevated by being moderately overweight?

Answer 24

No, possibly due to better treatments for cardio

Question 25

What supports genetic predisposition to obesity?

Answer 25

- adoption and twin studies | - people inherit genetic predisposition

Question 26

What are the main causes of obesity?

Answer 26

- genetic predisposition - excessive eating and inadequate exercise - sensitivity to external cues - set point concept - dietary restraint - eating disorders

Question 27

What is the externality hypothesis for obesity?

Answer 27

obese ppl are extra sensitive to external (sensory) cues that affect hunger and insensitive to internal physiological signals

Question 28

What is set point theory?

Answer 28

The body monitors fat cell levels to keep them and weight fairly stable

Question 29

What is settling-point theory?

Answer 29

weight tends to drift around the level at which the constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieves an equilibrium

Question 30

What is the main mechanism in dietary restraint that causes obesity?

Answer 30

Disinhibition caused by feeling of failure/cheating

Question 31

What was the result of Masters and Johnson research?

Answer 31

``` 4 stages of sexual responses: 1- excitement 2- plateau 3- orgasm 4- resolution ```

Question 32

What is vasocongestion?

Answer 32

engorgement of the blood vessels

Question 33

What is the refractory period?

Answer 33

The time following orgasm when men are unresponsive to further stimulation

Question 34

What is the correlation between porn and sex crimes?

Answer 34

Virtually none, although there is a correlation between aggressive porn and failure in men to see sexual coercion clearly

Question 35

What was Alfred Kinsey's contribution to research?

Answer 35

Scale or continuum of sexual orientation | - ambisexual

Question 36

What is the general percentage of gay population?

Answer 36

5-8%

Question 37

What are the psychoanalytic and behaviourist theories of homosexuality?

Answer 37

- Freudian: males are gay when they're raised by weak, detached, ineffectual fathers over-identified with close-binding mother - Behaviourists: learned preference acquired through pairing of same-sex stimuli w sexual arousal (chance seductions)

Question 38

What are the findings re origins of homosexuality?

Answer 38

Genetic predisposition exists- twin + adoption studies | - possibly organizing effects of prenatal hormones on neurological development

Question 39

What test is often applied to measure need for achievement?

Answer 39

Therapeutic Apperception Test- projective test

Question 40

What is an interesting habit re ppl with high need to achieve?

Answer 40

They often select tasks of intermediate difficulty

Question 41

What are the situational factors that influence achievement striving?

Answer 41

- probability of success - incentive value Intermediate difficulty is therefore the highest value

Question 42

What is a non-situational key motivators?

Answer 42

- strength of motivation - Fear of failure both stable aspects of personality

Question 43

What are the three elements involved in emotion?

Answer 43

1- subjective experience (cognitive) 2- bodily arousal (physiological) 3- characteristic overt expressions (behaviour)

Question 44

What are key cognitive determinants of emotions experienced?

Answer 44

Appraisals

Question 45

What is affective forecasting?

Answer 45

Efforts to predict one's emotional reactions to future events - people not good at predicting intensity or duration

Question 46

Why are people bad predictors of emotional reactions?

Answer 46

- underestimate effectiveness of rationalizations, etc | - cognitive biases insulate from fallout

Question 47

What bodily systems are involved in emotions?

Answer 47

- brain areas - neurotransmitter systems - autonomic nervous system - endocrine system

Question 48

What does a polygraph test measure?

Answer 48

Autonomic fluctuations and detects emotions, not lies

Question 49

What are the key indicators in autonomic arousal that a polygraph measures?

Answer 49

- heart rate - blood pressure - respiration rate - galvanic skin response (GSR)

Question 50

What regulates autonomic responses

Answer 50

The brain

Question 51

What structures are considered the seat of emotions?

Answer 51

- hypothalamus - amygdala - limbic system

Question 52

What structure plays central role in acquisition of conditioned fears?

Answer 52

Amygdala

Question 53

Which pathways do sensory inputs that elicit emotions travel along to arrive in the thalamus?

Answer 53

- fast path: amygdala, autonomic/endocrine arousal | - slow path: cortex, cognitive appraisal

Question 54

What are the other areas in the brain that are involved in modulation of emotions?

Answer 54

- prefrontal cortex - cingulate cortex - mesolimbic dopamine pathway (pleasure) - mirror neurons - hippocampus - lateral hypothalamus - brainstem

Question 55

What are the 6 facially identifiable fundamental emotions?

Answer 55

- happiness - sadness - anger - fear - surprise - disgust

Question 56

What physical response also contributes to our conscious experience of emotions?

Answer 56

muscular feedback from facial expressions | - Facial feedback hypothesis

Question 57

What is emotional efference?

Answer 57

Changes in facial muscles change blood temperature going to the brain and triggers distinct emotions

Question 58

What are display rules?

Answer 58

Norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions

Question 59

What are the primary theories of emotion?

Answer 59

- James-Lange Theory: autonomic causes emotion - Cannon-Bard Theory: subcortical brain simultaneously causes arousal and feeling - Schacter 2-factor theory: autonomic then appraisal then emotion

Question 60

What do evolutionary theorists say about emotions?

Answer 60

Emotions are innate reactions to certain stimuli and should be recognizable without much thought - adaptive value

Question 61

How do evolutionary theorists explain variety in emotions?

Answer 61

- blends of primary emotions | - variations in intensity (Putchik's model)

Question 62

What factors do not predict happiness?

Answer 62

- money - age - parenthood - intelligence and attractiveness

Question 63

what are moderate predictors of happiness?

Answer 63

- health - social activity - religion

Question 64

What are strong predictors of happiness?

Answer 64

- love and marriage - work - genetics and personality

Question 65

What are 5 common fallacies of arguments?

Answer 65

- Irrelevant reasons - circular reasoning - slippery slope - weak analogies - false dichotomy