Motivation, emotion, stress (BS 5) Flashcards
(23 cards)
extrinsic motivation
motivation that is external, including rewards and punishments
intrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from within, including interest or enjoyment
instinct theory of motivation
instincts are innate, fixed patterns of behavior; the theory posits that people are driven to do certain behaviors due to evolutionarily programmed instincts
arousal theory of motivation
Yerkes-Dodson law
theory states people perform actions in order to maintain optimal levels of arousal; the Yerkes-Dodson law postulates performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal
drive reduction theory of motivation
drives are internal states of tension; theory explains motivation as being based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable internal states; primary drives maintain homeostasis, secondary drives are not biological processes
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (motivation)
a need-based theory, Maslow’s theory that certain needs (physiological and psychological requirements) will yield a greater influence on motivation; five tiered pyramid: physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
self-determination theory of motivation
a need-based theory that emphasizes universal needs including autonomy, competence, and relatedness
incentive theory of motivation
explains behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
expectancy-value theory of motivation
the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both expectation of success in achieving the goal and degree to which reaching the goal is valued
opponent process theory of motivation
theory states the body will adapt to counteract repeated exposure to stimuli, used to explain drug addiction
three elements of emotion
physiological response (arousal stimulated by ANS), behavioral response (facial/body language), cognitive response (subjective interpretation of feeling)
universal emotions
proposed by Darwin; happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger
James-Lange theory of emotion
first response is physiological arousal to a stimulus, secondary response is the labeling of conscious emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
hypothesizes physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur simultaneously; first response is arousal and conscious emotion, secondary response is an action
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
cognitive arousal theory
first response combines physiological arousal and environmental cues, second response is the labeling of a conscious emotion
limbic system
amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei
amygdala
associated with fear; plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expressions and controls implicit memory system
hypothalamus
synthesizes and releases various neurotransmitters involved in mood and arousal; dictates emotional states
hippocampus
located in temporal lobe; involved in creating long term memories; controls explicit memory system
cognitive appraisal of stress
the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress broken into primary appraisal (determining if a threat exists) and secondary appraisal (determining emotional response)
distress and eustress
distress occurs in response to unpleasant stressors, eustress results from positive conditions; both require a lifestyle change
general adaptation syndrome for stress
a sequence of physiological responses developed by Selye in response to stress starting with alarm, then resistance, and ending with exhaustion
stress hormones
ACTH, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine; released continuously during resistance to allow sympathetic nervous system to stay active in fighting stressor
