Social interaction and thinking (BS 9, 10)

Question 1

ascribed status

Answer 1

status given involuntarily due to factors like race and gender

Question 2

achieved status

Answer 2

a status that is gained as a result of one’s effort/choices

Question 3

master status

Answer 3

status by which a person is most identified; usually the most important status

Question 4

role performance

Answer 4

the use of behaviors associated with a given role

Question 5

role conflict

Answer 5

difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles

Question 6

role strain

Answer 6

difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements for the same role

Question 7

primary group

Answer 7

interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members

Question 8

secondary group

Answer 8

interactions are superficial with few emotional bonds; last for shorter periods of time

Question 9

gemeinschaft/gesellschaft

Answer 9

two groups defined by Ferdinand Tonnies; gemeinschaft=community and gesellschaft=society

Question 10

SMYLOG

Answer 10

used to observe, classify, and measure interactions within a small group; based on idea of three fundamental dimensions of interaction

Question 11

group conformity

Answer 11

individuals will comply with a group’s goals, even when they are in contrast to the individual’s goals

Question 12

groupthink

Answer 12

occurs when members begin to focus solely on ideas generated within the group and ignore outside ideas

Question 13

network

Answer 13

describes observable patterns of social relationships

Question 14

formal organizations

Answer 14

entities that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and culture

Question 15

bureaucracy

Answer 15

rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control with paid, non-elected officials

Question 16

iron law of oligarchy

Answer 16

democratic/bureaucratic systems tend to shift to being ruled by an elite group

Question 17

basic model of emotional expression

Answer 17

Darwin believed that expression is consistent with theories of evolution and should be similar across culture

Question 18

appraisal model

Answer 18

accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but there are cognitive precursors to emotional expression

Question 19

social construction model

Answer 19

assumes no biological bassi for emotion; states one must be familiar with social norms for a certain emotion to perform the emotional behaviors

Question 20

display rules

Answer 20

culture provides the foundation for behaviors and place expectations of emotion; govern what emotions are expressed

Question 21

cultural syndrome

Answer 21

shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme

Question 22

impression management

Answer 22

our attempts to influence how others perceive us using three selves: authentic, ideal, and tactical

Question 23

reciprocal liking

Answer 23

people like others better when they believe the other person likes them

Question 24

amygdala

Answer 24

part of the brain that indicates whether something is a threat, when activated it increases aggression

Question 25

cognitive neoassociation model

Answer 25

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotion

Question 26

secure attachment

Answer 26

occurs when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing there is a secure base to return to; child is upset when caregiver leaves and is comforted when they return

Question 27

avoidant attachment

Answer 27

occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child; child doesn't show preference between stranger or caregiver and show little distress or relief when caregiver leaves and returns

Question 28

ambivalent attachment

Answer 28

occurs when a caregiver has inconsistent responses to child's distress so the child doesn't form a secure base; child is distressed when the caregiver leaves but shows a mixed response when they return

Question 29

disorganized attachment

Answer 29

child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregivers absence or presence and is often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver

Question 30

phenotypic benefits

Answer 30

theory of mate choice that relies on traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex

Question 31

sensory bias

Answer 31

theory of mate choice involving the development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population

Question 32

fisherian or runaway selection

Answer 32

theory of mate choice involving positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time

Question 33

indicator traits

Answer 33

theory of mate choice that states traits that signify overall good health increase its attractiveness to mates

Question 34

genetic compatability

Answer 34

theory of mate choice that involves the creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics (ex. reducing freq. of recessive genetic disorders)

Question 35

altruism

Answer 35

a form of helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself

Question 36

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 36

an individual helps a person when he or she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost

Question 37

game theory

Answer 37

used to explain decision making behavior; game payoffs refer to fitness; hawk dove game is an evolutionary model focused on shared resources

Question 38

components of social perception

Answer 38

the perceiver, the target (what the perception is being made about), and the situation

Question 39

primacy effect

Answer 39

the idea that first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions; the reverse is the recency effect

Question 40

reliance on central traits

Answer 40

individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that are most relevant to the perceiver

Question 41

implicit personality theory

Answer 41

there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and behavior are related

Question 42

halo effect

Answer 42

cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one's overall impression of the individual; attractiveness can produce this effect

Question 43

just-world hypothesis

Answer 43

the idea that in a just world good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

Question 44

self-serving bias

Answer 44

individuals will view their own success based on internal factors and view failures based on external factors

Question 45

self-enhancement

Answer 45

focuses on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures

Question 46

attribution theory

Answer 46

the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior; dispositional attributions are those that relate to the person, situational attributions relate to features of the surroundings

Question 47

consistency cues

Answer 47

consistent behavior of a person over time

Question 48

consensus cues

Answer 48

extent to which a person's behavior differs from others

Question 49

distinctiveness cues

Answer 49

extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios

Question 50

corespondent inference theory

Answer 50

focuses on the intentionality of others behavior

Question 51

fundamental attribution error

Answer 51

we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts

Question 52

attribute substitution

Answer 52

occurs when individuals have to make complex judgments, but substitute a simpler solution or heuristic instead

Question 53

stereotype

Answer 53

occurs when attitudes are based on limited and superficial information about a person/group

Question 54

paternalistic stereotype

Answer 54

group is looked down upon as inferior

Question 55

contemptuous stereotype

Answer 55

group is viewed with resentment or annoyance

Question 56

envious stereotype

Answer 56

group is viewed with jealousy

Question 57

admiration stereotype

Answer 57

group is viewed with pride or other positive feelings

Question 58

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 58

stereotypes may lead to expectations of people, which can create conditions that lead to the confirmation of those expectations

Question 59

stereotype threat

Answer 59

the concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype

Question 60

prejudice

Answer 60

irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person/group prior to an actual experience with the entity

Question 61

ethnocentrism

Answer 61

the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of ones own culture

Question 62

cultural relativism

Answer 62

the perception of another culture as different from one's own; does not imply superiority

Question 63

discrimination

Answer 63

occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a group to be treated differently than others