Motivation & emotions - midterm (u1-5)

Question 1

What is Motivation?

Answer 1

A desire for change, either within oneself or in one’s environment.

Question 2

What is the study of motivation based on?

Answer 2

Empirical data and objective evidence, rejecting common sense or general opinions.

Question 3

What are the two fundamental questions in motivation?

Answer 3

• What causes behavior?
• Why does behavior vary in its intensity?

Question 4

What can undermine intrinsic motivation?

Answer 4

Rewards can damage a person’s pre-existing motivation to engage in a task without the promise of reward.

Question 5

What are internal motives?

Answer 5

The main drivers of behavior, including needs, cognitions, and emotions.

Question 6

Define Needs in the context of motivation.

Answer 6

Essential for life maintenance and well-being, shaping how a person thinks and approaches tasks.

Question 7

What do Cognitions include?

Answer 7

Mental events such as thoughts, beliefs, goals, and self-concept.

Question 8

What are Emotions in motivational science?

Answer 8

Reactions to significant life events involving feelings, arousal, purpose, and expression.

Question 9

How can motivation be measured?

Answer 9

Through behavior, engagement, physiological responses, brain activations, and self-reports.

Question 10

What does the term ‘Behavior’ refer to in motivation measurement?

Answer 10

Observing the person’s actions.

Question 11

What are the limitations of using observable behavior to measure motivation?

Answer 11

• Variability of response time
• Difficulty in differentiating between errors and successes.

Question 12

What is Physiological Psychology?

Answer 12

The study of the physiological changes that occur in stimulating situations.

Question 13

What are the types of physiological measures?

Answer 13

• Electrodermal activity
• Cardiovascular measures (heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure).

Question 14

What are the limitations of physiological responses in measuring motivation?

Answer 14

Indirect measures of the motivational process and questionable psychological significance.

Question 15

What are Self-Reports?

Answer 15

Standardized techniques where a subject reports on their own activity through questionnaires, scales, and tests.

Question 16

What are Physiological Needs?

Answer 16

Needs inherent to biological systems, such as thirst, hunger, sleep, and sex.

Question 17

What are Psychological Needs?

Answer 17

Needs inherent to human nature and healthy development, such as autonomy, competence, and affinity.

Question 18

What is Drive Theory?

Answer 18

A theory suggesting physiological deprivations create biological needs that manifest as psychological drives.

Question 19

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 19

A hierarchical arrangement of needs, but criticized for lack of scientific evidence and rigidity.

Question 20

What is the main regulatory center for hunger?

Answer 20

The hypothalamus.

Question 21

What influences hunger behavior?

Answer 21

• External stimuli
• Time of day
• Stress
• Sight, smell, appearance, and taste of food.

Question 22

What is the homeostatic motivational system responsible for sleep behavior?

Answer 22

Sleep.

Question 23

What influences human sexual behavior?

Answer 23

Situational variables, behavioral habits, and moral values.

Question 24

Fill in the blank: A need is essential for a person’s life, development, and _______.

Answer 24

well-being.

Question 25

True or False: Physiological needs can be life-threatening if unmet.

Answer 25

True.

Question 26

What is the relationship between necessity and demand?

Answer 26

An inverse relationship; greater need means less demand when satisfying it.

Question 27

What are the recommendations for improving sleep quality?

Answer 27

Establishing a regular sleep schedule, limiting naps, avoiding alcohol and smoking, avoiding heavy/spicy/sugary foods, avoiding caffeine and exercise before bed, using comfortable bedding, maintaining an appropriate temperature, blocking noise and light, and reserving the bed for sleeping and sex.

Question 28

How does human sexual behavior differ from that of other species?

Answer 28

In humans, physiological variables are not determinant; situational variables, behavioral habits, and moral values are taken into account.

Question 29

What influences human sexual behavior?

Answer 29

Hormones influence but do not determine sexual behavior.

Question 30

What factors contribute to attractiveness in facial features?

Answer 30

* Neonatal features * Sexual maturity * Expressive characteristics

Question 31

What is the spectrum of sexual orientation?

Answer 31

A continuum from heterosexual to homosexual, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

Question 32

True or False: Homosexuality is derived from a dominant mother and a weak father.

Answer 32

False.

Question 33

What often happens when individuals try to self-regulate physiological needs?

Answer 33

It often does more harm than good.

Question 34

What contributes to failures in self-regulation?

Answer 34

* Underestimating the power of biological drives * Lacking realistic standards

Question 35

What defines a need?

Answer 35

Any condition inherent to the person that is essential and necessary for life, development, and well-being.

Question 36

What are motivational states?

Answer 36

They provide the impetus to act before harm is done to psychological and bodily well-being.

Question 37

What distinguishes secondary needs from physiological needs?

Answer 37

Secondary needs drive proactive willingness to seek out and interact with the environment for emotional and cognitive needs, while physiological needs arise from biological deficiencies.

Question 38

What are psychological needs aimed at?

Answer 38

Exploration, learning, and seeking challenges for emotional growth and satisfaction.

Question 39

What are the characteristics of psychological needs?

Answer 39

* Organic * Behavioral motivators * Proactive

Question 40

What is self-determination/autonomy?

Answer 40

The psychological need to experience self-determination and personal ratification in the initiation and regulation of one's own behavior.

Question 41

What is perceived locus of causality?

Answer 41

Understanding the causal source of motivated actions, ranging from internal to external.

Question 42

What is volition in the context of autonomy?

Answer 42

The free willingness to engage in an activity.

Question 43

What does competence refer to in psychological needs?

Answer 43

The need to interact effectively with the environment and master optimal challenges.

Question 44

What is flow?

Answer 44

A psychological state of maximum enjoyment and intense concentration when challenge and ability are high.

Question 45

What does relatedness involve?

Answer 45

The need to establish close emotional ties and bonds with other people.

Question 46

What is the impact of psychological needs on well-being?

Answer 46

They provide psychological nutrients needed for good days and positive well-being.

Question 47

What are social needs?

Answer 47

Needs acquired through experiences, socialization, and individual development that lead us to value certain emotional experiences.

Question 48

What are implicit motives?

Answer 48

Social needs that are not immediately obvious or consciously recognized, developed through experiences.

Question 49

What is the achievement need?

Answer 49

The desire to do well according to a standard of excellence.

Question 50

What influences strong achievement strivings?

Answer 50

* Parental provision of realistic standards * Positive attitude towards achievement * Stimulating home environment

Question 51

What is the affiliation need?

Answer 51

The desire to establish, maintain, or restore positive affective relationships with others.

Question 52

What does the power need entail?

Answer 52

The desire to influence or control the physical and social world according to one's vision.

Question 53

What are quasi-needs?

Answer 53

Transitory needs that disappear once the situational demand is satisfied.

Question 54

What are other potential social needs mentioned?

Answer 54

* Need for cognition * Need for closure * Need for structure * Uncertainty orientation