Motivation & emotions - midterm (u1-5) 2

Question 1

What is motivational science

Answer 1

Uses empirical methods (testable hypothesis, operational definitions, observational methods, stat analyses)

Question 2

Two fundamental questions in motivation

Answer 2

What causes behaviour
Why does behaviour vary in its intensity

Question 3

what drives behaviour

Answer 3

Energy - strength and intensity of behaviour
Direction - purposeful and goal-oriented behaviour
Persistence - endurance over time/situations

Question 4

Internal motives include…

Answer 4

Needs, cognitions and emotions

Question 5

What are needs

Answer 5

Essential for life maintenance and well-being.
Physiological (like hunger) & psychological (like belonging)
They generate wants/desires/strivings

Question 6

What are cognitions

Answer 6

Thoughts, beliefs, goals, self concept.
Shape how a person thinks and approaches tasks

Question 7

What are emotions

Answer 7

Reactions to significant life events.
Involve subjective feelings, bodily arousal, motivational purpose and nonverbal expression

Question 8

External events are…

Answer 8

Environmental, social, and cultural factors.

Question 9

How to measure motivation

Answer 9

Behaviour - observed
Engagement
Psychophysiology - heart rate, hormone levels, blood pressure etc
Brain activations - understanding which brain areas are active when a person is experiencing motivation/emotion
Self-report - asking individuals about their perceptions and experiences

Question 10

Deckers (2011) model

Answer 10

Choice of target/objective
Behavioral dynamism
Completion or control over the action

Question 11

Choice of target/objective

Answer 11

Considering intensity of motive, incentive attractiveness, subjective probability of success and effort required

Question 12

Behavioral dynamism

Answer 12

Engaging in activities to achieve objective. The success of these behaviors determines if the goal is achieved

Question 13

Completion or control over the action

Answer 13

Assesses whether they have satisfied their motive

Question 14

Detailed model of motivational process

Answer 14

Stimulus (internal or external, conscious/unconscious)
Perception
Evaluation-appraisal (evaluating likelihood of achieving goal)
Choice of goal & decision to act (interaction between desire/need/goal value/expectation of success. If any are 0, motivated behaviour does not occur)
Activation (initial activation, selective activation (physiological change), goal-directed activation)
Direction (giving energy in a specific direction to either achieve a goal or take steps to achieve it)
Control of results (monitors progress, goal attractiveness, causal attribution, persistance or change)

Question 15

What is causal attribution

Answer 15

analying reasons for progress & adjusts behaviour/goal accordingly

Question 16

Negative feedback

Answer 16

regulated/stops behaviour once a need/goal is satisfied

Question 17

Necessity vs demand

Answer 17

Inverse relationship.
The greater the need, the less demanding the individual is when satisfying it

Question 18

Appetitive and consummatory phases

Answer 18

Appetitive - aimed at obtaining a goal (learning/experience)
Consummatory - materialize behaviour
Eg; going to cafe to get water cuz thirsty (appatitive) and drinking water itself (consummatory)

Question 19

Cognitive variables to motivation

Answer 19

Analysis, assessment, attribution of causes

Question 20

Affective variables to motivation

Answer 20

The subjects current state

Question 21

Diff levels of analysis of motivation

Answer 21

Observable, physiological, self-report

Question 22

Observable behaviour - types of measures

Answer 22

Frequency - response rate/no. of x a behaviour is emitted
Accuracy - no. of successes or misses, efficiency, no. of attempts
Election - actions of free choice/preference for one option among several. Engagement. Eg; choosing to take a online therapy session in the car instead of at home
Temporary - response time, persistence, effort

Question 23

Limitation/possible solutions of observable behaviour

Answer 23

Limitations
- variability of response time
- difficulty in differentiating between errors and successes
Possible solutions
- clear instructions
- practice trails or familiarization
- designs where the subject acts as their own control

Question 24

Physiological responses - measures

Answer 24

Electrodermal activity - functioning of the endocrine sweat glands
Exosomatic - measurement of electrodermal w/ applied electrical stimulus
Endosomatic - measurement of eletrodermal w/out applied eletrical atimulus
Heart rate
Blood flow
Blood pressure

Question 25

Physiological responses - limitations/solutions

Answer 25

Limitations: - Indirect measures - Can be indicies of various psychological processes - Psychological significance? Solutions: - multiple psychophysiological measures - continuous measurement

Question 26

Self report

Answer 26

Interviews, questionnaires, self-records, self-observation Used to; - analyze basic motives - inter-individual variability (how situational variables & motivational dispositions interact) - analyze whether variables vary together to predict/test models

Question 27

Self report - limitations & solutions

Answer 27

Limitations: - limited validity - diff ppl may use diff names for the same internal state - social desirability/self-deception - test characteristics can affect outcomes Solutions: - lie/desirability scales - complementary tests - complement w/ interview

Question 28

Types of needs

Answer 28

Physiological needs (thirst, hunger, sleep, sex) - inherent to every1, temporarily forgotten upon satisfaction, avoid tissue damage and conserve resources Psychological needs (autonomy, competence, affirmity) - inherent to every1, present in consciousness, growth and adaptation Social needs (achievement, intimacy, power) - depend on social environment, present in consciousness, preserve identity/beliefs/values/interpersonal relationships

Question 29

Drive theory

Answer 29

Hulls theory - physiological deprivations create biological needs. If unsatisfied, these needs become psychological drives.

Question 30

Drive

Answer 30

Conscious manifestation of an uncounsious physiological need

Question 31

Need-drive behaviour sequence

Answer 31

Need, drive, homeostasis, negative feedback, multiple inputs/outputs, intraorganismic mechanisms, extraorganismis mechanisms

Question 32

intraorganismic mechanisms

Answer 32

Biological regulatory systems - activate, maintain & terminate biological needs

Question 33

Extraorganismic mechanisms

Answer 33

Environmental influences that activate, maintain, and terminate psychological drive (cognitive, environmental, social, cultural factors)

Question 34

Primary needs

Answer 34

Needs that must be met for human survival

Question 34

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 34

Physiological -> safety -> belonging -> esteem -> self-actualization

Question 35

Ctiticisms of maslows theory

Answer 35

- Based on subjective observations - no scientific evidence - simplification and suggests regidity - lower needs not always fulfilled before higher ones - motivation is flexible and adaptable - generalizes human motivation without considering individual, cultural and contextual differences - limited and biased sample