Motivation II

Question 1

operant conditioning

Answer 1

behavior is a function of its outcomes

Question 2

Reinforcement theory

Answer 2

• based on operant conditioning
• people form an association between behavior and outcomes
• idea is that behavior becomes more predictable as a result of reinforcement

Question 3

Reinforcing positive behavior

Answer 3

• positive reinforcement
• negative reinforcement

Question 5

positive reinforcement

Answer 5

providing positive consequence for desired behavior
-ex. praising employee

Question 6

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 6

removal of negative consequences once desired behavior is seen.
ex. stop nagging employee once thing is done

Question 7

Negative reinforcement limitation

Answer 7

May lead to unexpected behavior

Question 8

Reinforcing negative behavior

Answer 8

• punishment
• Extinction

Question 9

Punishment

Answer 9

presenting negative consequences for undesired behavior
- ex. warnings

Question 10

Punishment limitation

Answer 10

desired behavior may still be unknown

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

removal of positive consequences for undesired behavior
ex. ignoring employee when they do something wrong.

Question 12

Reinforcement schedules

Answer 12

• continuous
• fixed ratio
• fixed-interval
• variable

Question 13

continuous

Answer 13

reinforcing all instances of positive behavior

Question 14

fixed ratio

Answer 14

providing rewards after a set number of occurrences

Question 15

variable

Answer 15

reinforcing on random pattern

Question 16

difficulties with reinforcment

Answer 16

• timing/ schedule
• alignment - alining org. goals w/ individual goals can be difficult

Question 17

best combination for reinforcement

Answer 17

positive reinforcement & variable schedule

Question 18

Org. mistakes

Answer 18

unknowingly incentivize the wrong types of behavior

Question 19

selective perception

Answer 19

more visible behaviors tend to be weighted more
what is easiest to measure is what tends to get rewarded

Question 20

emp. co. goal alignment

Answer 20

look for integrative solutions
the goals of the co? priorities and interests of employees? mutually beneficial opportunities?

Question 21

increase alignment

Answer 21

• clearly communicate strategy and explain how individuals contribute to overall business objectives
• employees participate in goal setting
• celebrate employees efforts (not just results)

Question 22

Pay-for-performance

Answer 22

achieve higher productivity and profit

Question 23

Pay-for-performance myths

Answer 23

• higher pay result in higher levels of job satisfaction
  
  • minimum correlation
• higher pay results in higher levels of motivation
  
  • can demotivate
• your job performance determines your pay
  
  • performance determines your small portion of earnings

Question 24

PFP issues

Answer 24

- diminishes creativity - creates perceptions of inequity - citizenship behaviors may be neglected - undermines the importance of intrinsic motivation

Question 25

intrinsic motivation

Answer 25

- pursuing an activity for its inherent satisfaction - action is the end

Question 26

extrinsic motivation

Answer 26

- pursuing an activity in order to attain separate outcome

Question 27

Rewards

Answer 27

can undermine intrinsic motivation. - ex: student less likely to choose learning game if they get rewarded for it vs. if no reward

Question 28

Intrinsic predictors

Answer 28

- persistence and sustainability of behavior - when performance is judged by quality

Question 29

extrinsic

Answer 29

- when performance is judged by quantity

Question 30

Extrinsic incentives bias

Answer 30

people assume others are more extrinsically motivated than self - important to recognize to not potentially undermine intrinsic motivation

Question 31

balancing rewards

Answer 31

- how is task relevant to intrinsic motivation - incentives beyond baseline rewards work best for dull tasks. - unexpected rewards for performance does not undermine intrinsic motivation - this could potentially create perceptions of inequity.

Question 32

boosting intrinsic motivation

Answer 32

autonomy- employee mastery- feedback to improve purpose- connect employees personal goals to org. targets

Question 33

PFP guidelines

Answer 33

-Equity theory - expectancy theory - reinforcement theory

Question 34

equity theory

Answer 34

provide employees clear information about performance guidelines and basis for reward allocation

Question 35

expectancy theory

Answer 35

ensuring employees have control over performance

Question 36

reinforcement theory

Answer 36

reward people fairly for job well done, but deemphasize incentives beyond that