Motor control 1.4

Question 1

whats a sign

Answer 1

something that can be externally observed eg heart rate

Question 2

whats a symptom

Answer 2

what the person feeling it expresses eg stress, anxiety

Question 3

whats a positive symptom

Answer 3

hyper = means you gain something after damage

Question 4

whats a negative symptom

Answer 4

hypo = lose something after damage eg loss of of muscle activity

Question 5

after a lesion in descending motor system, which 2 systems and in which order are affected

Answer 5

1st: primary neuromuscular impairments; 2nd: secondary musculoskeletal

Question 6

whats the term given to muscle weakness caused by nerve damage?

Answer 6

paresis

Question 7

whats the term for abnormal muscle tone?

Answer 7

spasticity

Question 8

term given to loss of selective muscle activation?

Answer 8

individuation

Question 9

an example of selective muscle activation

Answer 9

you can first bend you arm, then extend index finger

Question 10

what happens with motor cortex deficit? name 5 things

Answer 10

spasticity, individuation, coactivation at wrong times, paresis, abnormal synergies

Question 11

whats is hemiplegia

Answer 11

severe/complete loss of strength or paralysis on one side of the body

Question 12

whats hemiparesis

Answer 12

mild/partial weakness or loss of strength on one side of the body

Question 13

are extensors or flexors more affected with motor cortex impairments

Answer 13

flexors

Question 14

definition of spasticity

Answer 14

a motor disorder characterised by a velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks, results from hyperexcitability of stretch reflex, part of upper motor neuron syndrome

Question 15

Individuation refers to ..

Answer 15

the ability to selectively activate a muscle

Question 16

function of cerebellum?

Answer 16

involved virtually in all movement: regulates movement and posture; balance

Question 17

what’s the result of damage to cerebellum?

Answer 17

incoordination of movement

Question 18

if you develop incoordination of movement, what part of brain was affected/damaged?

Answer 18

cerebellum

Question 19

which part is important in balance and eye movement?

Answer 19

cerebellum

Question 20

if damage of cerebellum is on the right side, on which side of the body are the motor function impairments?

Answer 20

ipsilateral (same) aka right side

Question 21

which 2 aspects of motor control are disturbed when there is damage to cerebellum?

Answer 21

voluntary movements and balance (leads to lack of muscle control and coordination, difficulty walking, abnormal eye movement)

Question 22

what is ataxia

Answer 22

group of disorders that affect coordination, speech, balance

Question 23

whats hypotonia

Answer 23

low muscle tone, limbs feel limp, decreased muscle contraction

Question 24

what is coordination? regarding movement

Answer 24

sequence of movement, timing, tuning of activation of different muscle groups

Question 25

what are tremors? and how can they be caused?

Answer 25

involuntary movement of a body part; by cerebellar damage

Question 26

name 2 different impairments that result from basal ganglia damage

Answer 26

hypokinetic impairments (low muscle tone, slow movements, freezing of movement) and hyperkinetic impairments (movement is fast)

Question 27

describe some hypokinetic impairments (resulting from basal ganglia impairments)

Answer 27

bradykinesia, akinesia

Question 28

which known disease is a result of basal ganglia impairments?

Answer 28

parkinson's

Question 29

function of basal ganglia?

Answer 29

motor control (motor learning, executive function)

Question 30

name the decider/implementer; the builder and the architect

Answer 30

decider: cerebrum; builder: cerebellum; architect: cerebellum

Question 31

what does the builder of the brain do (cerebellum)

Answer 31

supervision, alteration, correction of movement

Question 32

explains how cerebrum, cerebellum and basal ganglia work regarding movement

Answer 32

cerebrum decides to perform movement; basal ganglia constructs and creates the movement; cerebellum babysits/supervises/alters and corrects movement

Question 33

name the 3 sensory, perceptual systems

Answer 33

visual, vestibular, somatosensory (=the network of neural structures in the brain and body that produce the perception of touch, as well as temperature, body position, and pain. It is a subset of the sensory nervous system, which also represents visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli.)

Question 34

name 4 action systems

Answer 34

motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem

Question 35

high muscle tone is an example of what type of sign? (positive or negative)

Answer 35

positive (smth added, extra)

Question 36

name what happens after a lesion in descending motor system aka primary vs secondary effects

Answer 36

primary neuromuscular impairments: paresis, spasticity; secondary musculoskeletal : structural or functional changes in muscles and joints

Question 37

which part of brain coordinates muscle activation?

Answer 37

cerebellum

Question 38

motor cortex deficit: whats the result of motor weakness?

Answer 38

inability to generate sufficient strength (eg muscles, affects ability to move)

Question 39

whats the term given for very high muscle tone

Answer 39

rigidity and spasticity

Question 40

no muscle tone is termed as what?

Answer 40

flaccidity

Question 41

hyper active stretch reflex is related to what condition?

Answer 41

spasticity

Question 42

what is clonus

Answer 42

involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions caused by permanent lesion in descending motor neurons

Question 43

clonus is found in which structures more commonly- proximal or distal? give an example of a joint

Answer 43

more distal; ankle

Question 44

what does lack of individuation lead to?

Answer 44

abnormal synergies (abnormal pattern of muscle activation)

Question 45

if you have problems with proprioception, which sensory/perceptual system is affected(deficit)?

Answer 45

somatosensory

Question 46

if you have problems with gait, posture and balance, which sensory/perceptual system is affected?

Answer 46

vestibular

Question 47

if theres a problem in motor cortex, what happens to information going to muscles?

Answer 47

might not reach muscles

Question 48

huge function of cerebellum regarding movement?

Answer 48

timing of muscle action; coordinates movement; maintains balance; motor learning (movements that require practice and fine tuning)

Question 49

if there is no fault correction, which part of the brain is impaired?

Answer 49

cerebellum

Question 50

cerebellar impairments: signs and symptoms?

Answer 50

Most common disturbed muscle control: balance and voluntary movement Lack of muscle control/coordination NO FAULT CORRECTION Difficulty walking Slurred speech Abnormal eye movement

Question 51

which part of brain is responsible for COORDINATION of movement

Answer 51

cerebellum

Question 52

dysmetria: explain

Answer 52

lack of coordination of movement typified by the undershoot or overshoot of intended position with the hand, arm; inability to scale distance

Question 53

when you see a patient having trouble with motor learning for a long time, which part of the brain was affected? and why are they taking longer than normal?

Answer 53

cerebellum; due to no fault correction

Question 54

bradykinesia/akinesial rigidity and rest tumour: the result of what type of impairment?

Answer 54

basal ganglia impairment; hypkinetic impairment

Question 55

explain chorea (hypertonic impairment, basal ganglia)

Answer 55

involuntary, rapid , irregular jerky movements

Question 56

whats athetosis movement

Answer 56

slow involuntary movement; neck, face, tongue

Question 57

whats dystonia

Answer 57

sustained muscle contraction: muscles constantly contracted, abnormal movements as a result

Question 58

cerebellum, the builder. what does it do?

Answer 58

supervises, alters and corrects movement

Question 59

whats apraxia, give an example

Answer 59

Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement. Example: tie shoes

Question 60

apraxia is the result of lesion on which hemisphere?

Answer 60

right hemisphere

Question 61

whats the result of lesion on left hemisphere? name some consequences

Answer 61

agnosia (recognition disorder); aphasia (language and speech disorder)

Question 62

whats aphasia

Answer 62

language and speech disorder

Question 63

whats agnosia

Answer 63

inability to recognize and identify objects or people

Question 64

suboccipital spine consists of ..?

Answer 64

C0 -C2 vertebrae

Question 65

how can you tella difference between vertebral body of C, T and L spines?

Answer 65

vertebral body much smaller; 2 transverse (holes); the foramen (hole in the middle where spinal cord passes) is triangle shaped. for T and L its more round o-shaped

Question 66

which spine's vertebraes have articular facets for ribs?

Answer 66

thoracic

Question 67

how do you recognize atlas C1?

Answer 67

no vertebral body, no transverse processes. has articular facets for skull (on both sides)

Question 68

which structure is only on C2 axis vertebrae? function of this?

Answer 68

dens ; extends superiorly, function: allows rotation between atlas and axis

Question 69

what are spinous processes?

Answer 69

bonylandmarks that you can palpate on your spine

Question 70

C0-C2 are synovial joints. what does that mean?

Answer 70

have a capsule, not an intervertebral disc

Question 71

whats special about the spinous process of cervical spine?

Answer 71

its split (2 ends)

Question 72

function of transverse ligament on atlas

Answer 72

maintains position of dens

Question 73

function of alar ligament?

Answer 73

prevents anterior/posterior translation of occiput C1

Question 74

function of nuchal ligament?

Answer 74

prevents forward head posture (starts at C0 to C7)