Motor Control Flashcards
(50 cards)
The two theories of Motor Learning
1) Adam’s Closed Loop Theory
2) Schmidt’s Schema Theory
Premise of Adam’s Closed Loop Theory of ML
Says the brain uses sensory information to constantly compare current movement to stored memory of past movement; highly emphasizes practice
Premise of Schmidt’s Schema Theory of ML
Relies on open loop control processes and motor programming; values importance of variation of practice
The Three Stages of Motor Learning
1) Cognitive Stage: high conccentration and processing, lots of mistakes
2) Associative Stage: individual uses feedback to compare current movement to past movement, distinguish correct and incorrect performance; less errors/skill refinement
3) Autonomous Stage: improved efficiency of action without need of a ton of cognitive control; task is unaffected by variability in environment
Massed Practice
Practice time > rest time between trials
Distributed Practice
Rest time is greater than or equal to practice time for each trial
Constant Practice
Practicing a given task under uniform conditions
Variable Practice
Practicing a task under variable conditions
Random Practice
Varying practice, different tasks
Blocked Practice
Consistent practice of single task
Whole Training
Practice of entire task (hitting a baseball)
Part Training
Breaking single task down to multiple components for mastery
Four Types of Learning
1) Non-associative Learning
2) Associative Learning
3) Procedural Learning
4) Declarative Learning
Non-associative Learning
Learned through the repetition of a single stimulus (i.e. habituation, sensitization)
Associative Learning
Learning the relationship between two stimuli such as causal relationships or stimulus and consequence (i.e. operant conditioning, classical conditioning)
Procedural Learning
Learning the movement by doing it repeatedly
Declarative Learning
Mental practice; attention, awarness, and reflection to learn something to be recalled (i.e. studying)
Carr and Shepherd Motor Relearning Approach
To relearn normal movement after neurological insult it is necessary for a PT to identify and discourage any abnormal, missing, or unnnessary movement. Use of both internal and external feedback is cruicial.
Closed Motor Skill
Done in a stable, unchanging environment
Open Motor Skill
Done in a cosistently changing environement
Bobath: Neuromuscular Developmental Treatment (NDT)
Pt must learn to control movement through activities that promote normal movement patterns that integrate function;
Believes postural control is initiated from Base of Support and develops by assuming progressive positions where there is an increase in distance between CoG and BoS (crawling -> walking)
Key Points of Control in NDT (4)
1)Shoulder
2) Pelvis
3) Hand
4) Foot
^^Specific handling will influence and facilitate posture, alignment, and control
Brunnstrom Movement Therapy in Hemiplegia
Believed in reinforcing synergy patterns by learning them immediately and then introducing movements out of said patterns; rarely utilized today
Developed the 7 stages of recovery still utilized today
Raimiste’s Phenomenon
The involved LE will abd/add with applied resistance to the uninvolved LE in the same direction
