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Flashcards in Motor Control Deck (50)
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1
Q

The two theories of Motor Learning

A

1) Adam’s Closed Loop Theory

2) Schmidt’s Schema Theory

2
Q

Premise of Adam’s Closed Loop Theory of ML

A

Says the brain uses sensory information to constantly compare current movement to stored memory of past movement; highly emphasizes practice

3
Q

Premise of Schmidt’s Schema Theory of ML

A

Relies on open loop control processes and motor programming; values importance of variation of practice

4
Q

The Three Stages of Motor Learning

A

1) Cognitive Stage: high conccentration and processing, lots of mistakes
2) Associative Stage: individual uses feedback to compare current movement to past movement, distinguish correct and incorrect performance; less errors/skill refinement
3) Autonomous Stage: improved efficiency of action without need of a ton of cognitive control; task is unaffected by variability in environment

5
Q

Massed Practice

A

Practice time > rest time between trials

6
Q

Distributed Practice

A

Rest time is greater than or equal to practice time for each trial

7
Q

Constant Practice

A

Practicing a given task under uniform conditions

8
Q

Variable Practice

A

Practicing a task under variable conditions

9
Q

Random Practice

A

Varying practice, different tasks

10
Q

Blocked Practice

A

Consistent practice of single task

11
Q

Whole Training

A

Practice of entire task (hitting a baseball)

12
Q

Part Training

A

Breaking single task down to multiple components for mastery

13
Q

Four Types of Learning

A

1) Non-associative Learning
2) Associative Learning
3) Procedural Learning
4) Declarative Learning

14
Q

Non-associative Learning

A

Learned through the repetition of a single stimulus (i.e. habituation, sensitization)

15
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning the relationship between two stimuli such as causal relationships or stimulus and consequence (i.e. operant conditioning, classical conditioning)

16
Q

Procedural Learning

A

Learning the movement by doing it repeatedly

17
Q

Declarative Learning

A

Mental practice; attention, awarness, and reflection to learn something to be recalled (i.e. studying)

18
Q

Carr and Shepherd Motor Relearning Approach

A

To relearn normal movement after neurological insult it is necessary for a PT to identify and discourage any abnormal, missing, or unnnessary movement. Use of both internal and external feedback is cruicial.

19
Q

Closed Motor Skill

A

Done in a stable, unchanging environment

20
Q

Open Motor Skill

A

Done in a cosistently changing environement

21
Q

Bobath: Neuromuscular Developmental Treatment (NDT)

A

Pt must learn to control movement through activities that promote normal movement patterns that integrate function;
Believes postural control is initiated from Base of Support and develops by assuming progressive positions where there is an increase in distance between CoG and BoS (crawling -> walking)

22
Q

Key Points of Control in NDT (4)

A

1)Shoulder
2) Pelvis
3) Hand
4) Foot
^^Specific handling will influence and facilitate posture, alignment, and control

23
Q

Brunnstrom Movement Therapy in Hemiplegia

A

Believed in reinforcing synergy patterns by learning them immediately and then introducing movements out of said patterns; rarely utilized today
Developed the 7 stages of recovery still utilized today

24
Q

Raimiste’s Phenomenon

A

The involved LE will abd/add with applied resistance to the uninvolved LE in the same direction

25
Q

Souques’ Phenomenon

A

Raising the involved UE >100 deg with elbow extended => finger abduction

26
Q

Brunnstrom Stage 1

A

No initiation of volitional movement (flaccid)

27
Q

Brunnstrom Stage 2

A

Beginning of limb spasticity; synergies appear

28
Q

Brunnstrom Stage 3

A

Spasticity increases; synergies are performed voluntarily

29
Q

Brunnstrom Stage 4

A

Spasticity beginning to decrease; movement patterns are not solely dictated by synergies

30
Q

Brunnstrom Stage 5

A

Further decrease in spasticity with independence from synergy patterns

31
Q

Brunnstrom Stage 6

A

Isolated joint movements are performed with coordination

32
Q

Brunnstrom Stage 7

A

Normal movement

33
Q

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

A

Uses gross diagonal movement patterns on the assumption that using larger muscle groups will overflow and strengthen smaller ones

34
Q

D1 flexion Pattern

A

Talking on the phone (opposite hand/ear)

35
Q

D1 extension pattern

A

Throwing phone away

36
Q

D2 Flexion pattern

A

Reaching for seatbelt

37
Q

D2 Extension pattern

A

Buckling up

38
Q

Agonistic Reversal PNF

A

Alternating concentric and eccentric contractions with resistance (i.e. up/down to and from bridge position)

39
Q

Alternating Isometrics PNF

A

Alternating isometic contractions by giving resistance to muscles on one side of the other without rest. NOT to be confused with rythmic stabilization

40
Q

Contract-Relax PNF

A

Used to increase ROM; at point of limitation pt CONCENTRICALLY contracts antagonist muscle group for 8-10 seconds. Continue until no more gains in ROM present. NOT to be confused with hold-relax

41
Q

Hold Relax PNF

A

At point of limitation in ROM, pt performs and isometric contraction, then relaxes and is passively moved to new point of limitation. Repeat.

42
Q

Joint Distraction PNF

A

Proprioceptive technique to increase ROM

43
Q

Normal Timing PNF

A

Proximal components are restricted until distal components fire and initiate movement. Produces coordinated movement of all components

44
Q

Repeated Contractions PNF

A

Used throughout a mvement pattern to improve strength and mobility; therapist provides a quick stretch followed by an isotonic contraction reapetedly throughout set range

45
Q

Resisted Progression PNF

A

Used to emphasize coordination of proximal components during gait; Resistance applied to pelvis, hips, or extremity during gait cycle to enhance coordination, strength, or endurance

46
Q

Rhythmic Initiation PNF

A

Used to initiate movement with hypertonia; progresses from passive, to active assistive, to against slight restistance. Movements through ROM must be slow and rhythmical to reduce hypertonia

47
Q

Rhythmic Stabilization PNF

A

Isometric contractions of all the muscles surrounding a joint against progressive resistance. Can progress from sub-max to max, predictable to random pattern, proximal to distal, etc.

48
Q

Rhythmical Rotation PNF

A

Used to decrease hypertonia to increase ROM by slowly rotating extremity around its longitudinal axis

49
Q

Slow Reversal PNF/Slow Reversal Hold PNF

A

Concentric contraction followed by another concentric contraction without rest (quadruped moving medially-laterally while applying resistance and L then R shoulder). Slow Reversal Hold is the same but adds an isometric contraction at the end of each movement to gain stability.

50
Q

Timing for Emphasis PNF

A

Used to strengthen a weak COMPONENT of a motor pattern. Isotonic and isometric contractions produce overflow to weaker muscles.