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Motor Control Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

How are action plans generated?

A

Through the affordance competition hypothesis; motor plans and actions are activated at the same time.

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2
Q

What is the affordance competition hypothesis?

A

Action plans and specification occur simultaneously.

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3
Q

Optic ataxia

A

Inability to use visual information to guide movement.

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4
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Inability to comprehend the meaning or purpose of an action; an action can be performed but incorrectly.

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5
Q

Damage to the association motor cortex can lead to:

A

Optic ataxia and ideational apraxia

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6
Q

IV in the single unit monkey study for action plans

A

Target location

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7
Q

Does the parietal cortex have topographic organization?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Eye cortical representation in parietal cortex

A

Lateral intraparietal area (LIP)

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9
Q

Arm cortical representation in parietal cortex

A

Medial intraparietal area (MIP)

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10
Q

The parietal cortex has distinct subregions for ____, _____, and ____ movements.

A

Arm, hand, eye

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11
Q

What are the major parts of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substancia nigra

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12
Q

What is the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

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13
Q

Is most of the circuit of the basal ganglia inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Inhibitory

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14
Q

Globus pallidus (GP) has a ____ baseline firing rate which produces __________ of the motor system.

A

High, tonic inhibition

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15
Q

What are the two pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

Direct and indirect

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16
Q

What is the direct pathway?

A

Fast, striatum to GPi

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17
Q

What is the indirect pathway?

A

Slow, striatum to GPi via GPe and STN

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18
Q

SNc

A

Substancia nigra, pars compacta

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19
Q

SNr

A

Substancia nigra, pars reticulata

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20
Q

GPe

A

External segment of globus pallidus

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21
Q

GPi

A

Internal segment of globus pallidus

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22
Q

STN

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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23
Q

SC

A

Superior colliculus

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24
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia circuitry?

A

Dopamine; D1 and D2

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25
SNc ______ direct pathway
Excites
26
SNc ______ indirect pathway
Inhibits
27
D1 is for the _____ pathway and D2 is for the ______ pathway.
Direct, indirect
28
Symptoms of Huntington's Disease
Clumsiness, balance problems, involuntary movements
29
Result of Huntington's Disease is ________.
Hyperkinesia
30
What is hyperkinesia?
Excessive movement
31
What does Huntington's Disease change in the basal ganglia circuit?
The inhibitory neurons of the indirect pathway
32
Results of Parkinson's Disease are _______ and ______.
Hypokinesia, bradykinesia
33
What is hypokinesia?
Reduction of motion
34
What is bradykinesia?
Slow/delayed motion
35
What does Parkinson's Disease change in the basal ganglia circuit?
Loss of neurons in the SNc
36
How is Parkinson's Disease treated?
DBS
37
Sensorimotor Adaptation
Use of sensory inputs to learn to make motor movements
38
IV in Human tDCS study with visuomotor adaptation task
Stimulated regions, three conditions in the visuomotor task
39
In the Human tDCS study with visuomotor adaptation, stimulation of the _______ speeds adaptation _______, but stimulation of _____ maintains adaptation _________.
Cerebellum, short term, M1, long term
40
What area in the brain supports new learning?
Cerebellum
41
The motor system is _______.
Hierarchical
42
Effector
Part of the body that can move
43
Effectors are controlled by ______.
Muscles
44
Muscles control _______.
Effectors
45
Muscles are composed of _______ fibers.
Antagonist
46
_________ of a fiber group causes _______ in the other.
Contraction (shortening), extending (lengthening)
47
Muscles are controlled by ___________.
Motor neurons
48
Order of control in muscles
Motor neurons, muscles, effectors
49
Alpha Motor Neurons
Produce contractions
50
Gamma Motor Neurons
Support proprioception
51
Alpha motor neurons synapse on __________ not ________.
Muscle fibers, other neurons
52
Alpha motor neurons release __________.
Acetylcholine
53
How do alpha motor neurons determine the force of a muscle?
Number and frequency of action potentials
54
Alpha motor neurons receive input from __________.
Muscle spindles
55
Muscle Spindles
Stretch receptor, indicate the current status of the muscle
56
Dorsal Root
Sensory neuron
57
Central Pattern Generators
Ability to produce motions without commands or external feedback signals.
58
When the cat's spinal cord was disconnected from the cortex and subcortex, what happened to the reflexes?
It was maintained and exaggerated
59
Why was the cat's reflexes exaggerated?
Lost the inhibition ability to control strength of movement
60
__________ and ___________ are central pattern generators
Spinal cord, alpha motor neurons
61
Cerebellum has ______ organization not _______.
Ipsilateral, contralateral
62
The cerebellum has _____ nuclei.
3
63
The 3 nuclei of the cerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, neocerebellum
64
Vestibulocerebellum
Balancing and coordinating eye movements with body movements
65
Spinocerebellum
Auditory and visual inputs
66
Neocerebellum
Inputs from frontal and parietal lobes; outputs to motor regions through the thalamus
67
Damage to vestibulocerebellum
Vestibulo-ocular reflex; eyes can remain fixed on an object despite head/body movements
68
Damage to spinocerebellum
Unsteady gait and balance disturbances
69
Damage to neocerebellum
Ataxia; disruption of fine coordination; intention tremor
70
Signals from the spinal cord travel to the primary motor cortex through the _____________ through the brain stem.
Pyramidal tracts
71
Cerebellum function
Balance, gait, fine coordination
72
Lesion in primary motor cortex
Hemiplegia
73
Hemiplegia
Loss of voluntary movements on contralateral side of the body
74
Primary motor cortex has _______/______ organization
Rostral, caudal
75
True or False: The rostral area in primary motor cortex is present in many species
True
76
True or False: The caudal area in primary motor cortex is present in many species
False; present in humans and some primates
77
Neurons in caudal area terminate directly on ___________.
Alpha motor neurons
78
True or False: Primary motor cortex has motor homunculus
True
79
2 hypothesis of how M1 codes actions and commands
Trajectory based, location based
80
Trajectory Based Hypothesis
Path that transports an effector from one location to another; path/direction specific
81
Location Based Hypothesis
Goal location and command needed to move effector to that location; location/goal specific regardless of path
82
Center-out Task
Moving a lever to the center to a target indicated by light
83
IV in center-out task
Target location, direction of movement
84
DV in center-out task
Firing rate of neurons in primary motor cortex
85
Center-out task showed that neurons prefer _________ hypothesis.
Trajectory based
86
Function of primary motor cortex (M1)
Voluntary motion
87
Neurons are tuned to _______ and can respond in _____ and _______.
Direction, planning, execution
88
Secondary motor cortex is broken down into ___________ and _________.
Supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor cortex (PMC)
89
SMA and PMC have _____ of the body.
Maps
90
True or False: SMA and PMC have somatotopic organization
True
91
SMA
Supplementary Motor Area
92
PMC
Premotor cortex
93
Apraxia
Loss of motor planning
94
Ideomotor Apraxia
Have a sense of desired action but unable to execute the action itself
95
PMC Function
Externally guided movements through parietal connections
96
SMA Function
Internally guided movements through prefrontal connections
97
Lesion in secondary motor cortex cause
Impair in motor planning and not hemiplegia

Cognitive Neuroscience (3 decks)

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