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Cognitive Neuroscience > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Initial activation of the nervous system

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2
Q

Which sensory systems go through the thalamus?

A

Everything except olfaction

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3
Q

Adaption

A

The adjustment of sensory system to the current environment

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4
Q

Olfactory signals pass through which pathway?

A

Olfactory Nerve

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5
Q

Visual signals pass through which pathway?

A

Optic Nerve

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6
Q

Auditory signals pass through which pathway?

A

Cochlear Nerve

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7
Q

Facial sensation pass through which pathway?

A

Trigeminal Nerve

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8
Q

Taste signals pass through which pathway?

A

Facial and Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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9
Q

Which sensory system does not pass through the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

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10
Q

Range

A

The area in which a stimulus responds

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11
Q

Acuity

A

How well a stimulus is differentiated

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12
Q

As a stimulus remains longer, action potential _____ and adaptation ______.

A

Decreases, increases

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13
Q

Acuity depends on _______ and _______.

A

Stimulus collection system, number and distribution of receptors

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14
Q

Saccades

A

Rapid eye movement

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15
Q

If a sensory system has more ______ in a specific region, there is more _____ representation for that information.

A

Receptors, cortical

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16
Q

Odor receptors are embedded in the __________.

A

Mucous Membrane

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17
Q

Where is the mucous membrane located?

A

Olfactory epithelium

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18
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

Roof of the nasal cavity

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19
Q

Bipolar Neurons in Olfaction Are:

A

Olfactory Receptors

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20
Q

In the olfactory system, when an _____ triggers a __________, the signal goes to the _________.

A

Oderant, bipolar neuron, glomeruli

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21
Q

Glomeruli

A

Neurons in the olfactory bulbs

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22
Q

The axons of the glomeruli form the __________.

A

Olfactory Nerves

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23
Q

Most of the axons of the olfactory nerve go to the _______ cortex and only some cross over to the ______ hemisphere.

A

Ipsilateral, contralateral

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24
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

Second olfactory processing area

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25
Q

What is the function of the primary olfactory cortex?

A

It detects an odor change

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26
Q

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

It identifies the odor

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27
Q

Papillae in the ______ region have _____ taste buds and papillae in the ______ of the tongue have _______ taste buds.

A

Anterior, few, back, many

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28
Q

Taste Pores

A

Lead from tongue surface to the taste buds

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29
Q

The 5 Basic Tastes

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

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30
Q

True or False: Each taste cell responds to only one sense

A

True

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31
Q

True or False: Tastes are found throughout the tongue

A

True

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32
Q

True or False: Gustation has topographic representation

A

False

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33
Q

Nociceptive Receptors

A

Pain receptors

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34
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

Carries pain, position, and temperature information

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35
Q

In gustation, bipolar neurons’ axons form the __________ nerve which joins other fibers to make the ______ nerve which projects to the _________.

A

Chordates tympani, facial, gustatory nucleus

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36
Q

The facial nerve projects to the ________.

A

Gustatory nucleus

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37
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Large RF and fast adaption; detects vibrations

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38
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

Small RF and fast adaption; detects contact and motion

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39
Q

Merkel’s Discs

A

Small RF and slow adaption; detects edges, corners, and points

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40
Q

Ruffini’s Ending

A

Large RF and slow adaption; detects shape of large objects (holding onto a cup and the Ruffini’s Ending detects the size of the cup)

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41
Q

The 3 Types of Nociceptor Receptors:

A

Thermal receptors; respond to heat/cold, mechanical receptors; respond to heavy mechanical stimulation, and multimodal stimulation; respond to noxious stimulation (heat, mechanical insults, and chemicals)

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42
Q

Proprioception

A

Enables sensory and motor systems to represent information about muscle and limb conditions

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43
Q

True or False: Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) has somatotopic representation of the body

A

True

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44
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

Amount of cortical representation in sensory homunculus relates to the importance of the somatosensory information for that part of the body; varies with species for the most important body parts

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45
Q

True or False: Somatosensory representation has plasticity

A

True; it varies by person with their experience

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46
Q

The 3 Tiny Bones in the Middle Ear:

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

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47
Q

Sound hits the outer ear and travels down the __________. Sound waves get amplified and travel down to the ______.

A

Auditory canal, eardrum

48
Q

Oval Window

A

The “door” to the cochlea

49
Q

Cochlea

A

Critical auditory structure of the inner ear; has tiny hair cells that are on the inner surface of the basilar membrane

50
Q

Sensory Receptors for Audition

A

Hair cells

51
Q

What determines frequency tuning?

A

Location of a hair cell

52
Q

Hair cells near the _________ respond to ______ frequency, hair cells near the _______ respond to ______ frequency.

A

Oval window/base of the cochlea, high, apex, low

53
Q

True or False: Hair cells have topographic organization

A

True; arrangement of hair cells is tonotopy

54
Q

MGN

A

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

55
Q

What 2 sensory systems are important for perceiving information from at distance?

A

Audition and vision

56
Q

Remote Sensing/Exteroceptive Perception

A

Processing information without being in direct contact with stimulus

57
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Obtain visual information by light reflection in objects

58
Q

How does object perception occur?

A

When sensory receptors respond to reflected light

59
Q

Photopigments

A

Protein molecules that are sensitive to light

60
Q

True or False: Retina’s photoreceptors don’t fire action potential

A

True

61
Q

What causes action potential in the retina?

A

Decomposition of photopigments change the membrane potential of the photoreceptors which leads to chemical change and action potential tigger

62
Q

Photoreceptors change the ______ stimulus into a ______ signal that the brain understands.

A

Light, neural

63
Q

Photoreceptors have _____ and _____.

A

Rods, cones

64
Q

Rods

A

Black and white; used at night

65
Q

Cones

A

Color; used in daytime

66
Q

Rods have photopigment _______ and cones have photopigment _______.

A

Rhodpsin, photopsin

67
Q

The 3 Types of Cones:

A

Blue; short wavelengths, green; medium wavelengths, and red; long wavelengths

68
Q

True or False: Rods and cones are distributed equally in the retina

A

False; cones are in the center of retina in the fovea and rods are found throughout the retina

69
Q

Rods and cones are connected to ___________ that synapse with ________.

A

Bipolar neurons, ganglion cells

70
Q

In the visual system, axons of _______ form the _______.

A

Ganglion cells, optic nerve

71
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Gives information to the CNS

72
Q

Retinogeniculate Pathway

A

Retina to the LGN

73
Q

LGN

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

74
Q

Geniculocortical Pathway

A

LGN to visual cortex

75
Q

LGN has ___ layers.

A

6

76
Q

M Cell

A

Sends output to bottom 2 LGN layers

77
Q

P Cell

A

Sends output to top 4 LGN layers

78
Q

Which visual region has topographic representation?

A

LGN and V1

79
Q

What shape is the LGN RF?

A

Circular

80
Q

Circular RF in _____ form _____ RF in ____.

A

LGN, oriented, V1

81
Q

RF in V1 indicates:

A

Position and orientation of simulus

82
Q

Cells in retina and LGN respond best to ______ and cells in V1 are ______ to ______.

A

Small light spots, sensitive, edges

83
Q

True or False: RF become larger across visual systems

A

True

84
Q

Flicker Fusion

A

At what stage in our visual system does our perception break down?

85
Q

Where does conscious perception occur?

A

Higher area activity

86
Q

Primary sensory regions are linked to ______ and secondary and association regions are linked to _________.

A

Physical stimulus, perceptual experience

87
Q

Dichromats

A

People with only 2 photopigments

88
Q

Red/Green Color Blindness

A

Missing photopigment in medium or long wavelengths

89
Q

Blue/Yellow Color Blindness

A

Missing photopigment in short wavelength

90
Q

Anomalous Trichromats

A

Have all 3 photopigments but one has abnormal sensitivity

91
Q

Achromatopsia

A

Full color blindness caused by disturbance in CNS

92
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Loss of motion perception

93
Q

Lesions in/around V4 can lead to _______ and deficits in __________.

A

Achromatopsia, shape perception

94
Q

_______ can be worse if V5 is damaged in _________.

A

Akinetopsia, both hemispheres

95
Q

Uncertainty

A

Not all signals might reach the brain

96
Q

Connectivity

A

All senses follow through the cortex (4/5 are very similar)

97
Q

Where does the tectorial membrane live?

A

On top of the Organ of Corti

98
Q

Where do auditory receptors live?

A

Organ of Corti

99
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Hair cells; mechanoreceptors

100
Q

What allows sound vibrations?

A

Liquid in cochlea

101
Q

What does frequency preference depend on?

A

Thickness of basilar membrane

102
Q

Two Point Discrimination

A

How far apart 2 inputs have to be to be detected as separate

103
Q

Olfactory senses don’t pass the thalamus; they go straight to the ____________.

A

Primary Olfactory

104
Q

In gustation, 2 tastes are chemicals and enter through specialized channels. They are ______ and ______.

A

Salt (Sodium) and Sour (Hydrogen)

105
Q

Multivariate Pattern Analysis (MVPA)

A

Using multiple instead of one variable to predict something

106
Q

True or False: MVPA can be performed on any type of data

A

True

107
Q

True or False: Rods and cones don’t generate action potential

A

True; they are hyper polarized by light

108
Q

Vertical Pathway

A

RF size

109
Q

Horizontal Pathway

A

RF type

110
Q

What is vertical pathway determined by?

A

The number of photoreceptors that project to a ganglion cell

111
Q

V5/MT

A

Direction tuning; motion

112
Q

Direction Tuning

A

Each cell has a preferred direction of motion

113
Q

True or False: V4 is NECESSARY for color detection

A

True; proved by lesions in V4

114
Q

True or False: V5 is NECESSARY for motion perception

A

True; proved by lesions in V5

115
Q

Retinal ganglion cells project to the _______ of the thalamus.

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

Cognitive Neuroscience (3 decks)

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