Unit 2 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Sensation
A
Initial activation of the nervous system
2
Q
Which sensory systems go through the thalamus?
A
Everything except olfaction
3
Q
Adaption
A
The adjustment of sensory system to the current environment
4
Q
Olfactory signals pass through which pathway?
A
Olfactory Nerve
5
Q
Visual signals pass through which pathway?
A
Optic Nerve
6
Q
Auditory signals pass through which pathway?
A
Cochlear Nerve
7
Q
Facial sensation pass through which pathway?
A
Trigeminal Nerve
8
Q
Taste signals pass through which pathway?
A
Facial and Glossopharyngeal Nerve
9
Q
Which sensory system does not pass through the thalamus?
A
Olfaction
10
Q
Range
A
The area in which a stimulus responds
11
Q
Acuity
A
How well a stimulus is differentiated
12
Q
As a stimulus remains longer, action potential _____ and adaptation ______.
A
Decreases, increases
13
Q
Acuity depends on _______ and _______.
A
Stimulus collection system, number and distribution of receptors
14
Q
Saccades
A
Rapid eye movement
15
Q
If a sensory system has more ______ in a specific region, there is more _____ representation for that information.
A
Receptors, cortical
16
Q
Odor receptors are embedded in the __________.
A
Mucous Membrane
17
Q
Where is the mucous membrane located?
A
Olfactory epithelium
18
Q
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
A
Roof of the nasal cavity
19
Q
Bipolar Neurons in Olfaction Are:
A
Olfactory Receptors
20
Q
In the olfactory system, when an _____ triggers a __________, the signal goes to the _________.
A
Oderant, bipolar neuron, glomeruli
21
Q
Glomeruli
A
Neurons in the olfactory bulbs
22
Q
The axons of the glomeruli form the __________.
A
Olfactory Nerves
23
Q
Most of the axons of the olfactory nerve go to the _______ cortex and only some cross over to the ______ hemisphere.
A
Ipsilateral, contralateral
24
Q
Orbitofrontal Cortex
A
Second olfactory processing area
25
What is the function of the primary olfactory cortex?
It detects an odor change
26
What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?
It identifies the odor
27
Papillae in the ______ region have _____ taste buds and papillae in the ______ of the tongue have _______ taste buds.
Anterior, few, back, many
28
Taste Pores
Lead from tongue surface to the taste buds
29
The 5 Basic Tastes
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
30
True or False: Each taste cell responds to only one sense
True
31
True or False: Tastes are found throughout the tongue
True
32
True or False: Gustation has topographic representation
False
33
Nociceptive Receptors
Pain receptors
34
Trigeminal Nerve
Carries pain, position, and temperature information
35
In gustation, bipolar neurons' axons form the __________ nerve which joins other fibers to make the ______ nerve which projects to the _________.
Chordates tympani, facial, gustatory nucleus
36
The facial nerve projects to the ________.
Gustatory nucleus
37
Pacinian Corpuscle
Large RF and fast adaption; detects vibrations
38
Meissner's Corpuscle
Small RF and fast adaption; detects contact and motion
39
Merkel's Discs
Small RF and slow adaption; detects edges, corners, and points
40
Ruffini's Ending
Large RF and slow adaption; detects shape of large objects (holding onto a cup and the Ruffini's Ending detects the size of the cup)
41
The 3 Types of Nociceptor Receptors:
Thermal receptors; respond to heat/cold, mechanical receptors; respond to heavy mechanical stimulation, and multimodal stimulation; respond to noxious stimulation (heat, mechanical insults, and chemicals)
42
Proprioception
Enables sensory and motor systems to represent information about muscle and limb conditions
43
True or False: Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) has somatotopic representation of the body
True
44
Sensory Homunculus
Amount of cortical representation in sensory homunculus relates to the importance of the somatosensory information for that part of the body; varies with species for the most important body parts
45
True or False: Somatosensory representation has plasticity
True; it varies by person with their experience
46
The 3 Tiny Bones in the Middle Ear:
Malleus, incus, and stapes
47
Sound hits the outer ear and travels down the __________. Sound waves get amplified and travel down to the ______.
Auditory canal, eardrum
48
Oval Window
The "door" to the cochlea
49
Cochlea
Critical auditory structure of the inner ear; has tiny hair cells that are on the inner surface of the basilar membrane
50
Sensory Receptors for Audition
Hair cells
51
What determines frequency tuning?
Location of a hair cell
52
Hair cells near the _________ respond to ______ frequency, hair cells near the _______ respond to ______ frequency.
Oval window/base of the cochlea, high, apex, low
53
True or False: Hair cells have topographic organization
True; arrangement of hair cells is tonotopy
54
MGN
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
55
What 2 sensory systems are important for perceiving information from at distance?
Audition and vision
56
Remote Sensing/Exteroceptive Perception
Processing information without being in direct contact with stimulus
57
Photoreceptors
Obtain visual information by light reflection in objects
58
How does object perception occur?
When sensory receptors respond to reflected light
59
Photopigments
Protein molecules that are sensitive to light
60
True or False: Retina's photoreceptors don't fire action potential
True
61
What causes action potential in the retina?
Decomposition of photopigments change the membrane potential of the photoreceptors which leads to chemical change and action potential tigger
62
Photoreceptors change the ______ stimulus into a ______ signal that the brain understands.
Light, neural
63
Photoreceptors have _____ and _____.
Rods, cones
64
Rods
Black and white; used at night
65
Cones
Color; used in daytime
66
Rods have photopigment _______ and cones have photopigment _______.
Rhodpsin, photopsin
67
The 3 Types of Cones:
Blue; short wavelengths, green; medium wavelengths, and red; long wavelengths
68
True or False: Rods and cones are distributed equally in the retina
False; cones are in the center of retina in the fovea and rods are found throughout the retina
69
Rods and cones are connected to ___________ that synapse with ________.
Bipolar neurons, ganglion cells
70
In the visual system, axons of _______ form the _______.
Ganglion cells, optic nerve
71
Optic Nerve
Gives information to the CNS
72
Retinogeniculate Pathway
Retina to the LGN
73
LGN
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
74
Geniculocortical Pathway
LGN to visual cortex
75
LGN has ___ layers.
6
76
M Cell
Sends output to bottom 2 LGN layers
77
P Cell
Sends output to top 4 LGN layers
78
Which visual region has topographic representation?
LGN and V1
79
What shape is the LGN RF?
Circular
80
Circular RF in _____ form _____ RF in ____.
LGN, oriented, V1
81
RF in V1 indicates:
Position and orientation of simulus
82
Cells in retina and LGN respond best to ______ and cells in V1 are ______ to ______.
Small light spots, sensitive, edges
83
True or False: RF become larger across visual systems
True
84
Flicker Fusion
At what stage in our visual system does our perception break down?
85
Where does conscious perception occur?
Higher area activity
86
Primary sensory regions are linked to ______ and secondary and association regions are linked to _________.
Physical stimulus, perceptual experience
87
Dichromats
People with only 2 photopigments
88
Red/Green Color Blindness
Missing photopigment in medium or long wavelengths
89
Blue/Yellow Color Blindness
Missing photopigment in short wavelength
90
Anomalous Trichromats
Have all 3 photopigments but one has abnormal sensitivity
91
Achromatopsia
Full color blindness caused by disturbance in CNS
92
Akinetopsia
Loss of motion perception
93
Lesions in/around V4 can lead to _______ and deficits in __________.
Achromatopsia, shape perception
94
_______ can be worse if V5 is damaged in _________.
Akinetopsia, both hemispheres
95
Uncertainty
Not all signals might reach the brain
96
Connectivity
All senses follow through the cortex (4/5 are very similar)
97
Where does the tectorial membrane live?
On top of the Organ of Corti
98
Where do auditory receptors live?
Organ of Corti
99
Organ of Corti
Hair cells; mechanoreceptors
100
What allows sound vibrations?
Liquid in cochlea
101
What does frequency preference depend on?
Thickness of basilar membrane
102
Two Point Discrimination
How far apart 2 inputs have to be to be detected as separate
103
Olfactory senses don't pass the thalamus; they go straight to the ____________.
Primary Olfactory
104
In gustation, 2 tastes are chemicals and enter through specialized channels. They are ______ and ______.
Salt (Sodium) and Sour (Hydrogen)
105
Multivariate Pattern Analysis (MVPA)
Using multiple instead of one variable to predict something
106
True or False: MVPA can be performed on any type of data
True
107
True or False: Rods and cones don't generate action potential
True; they are hyper polarized by light
108
Vertical Pathway
RF size
109
Horizontal Pathway
RF type
110
What is vertical pathway determined by?
The number of photoreceptors that project to a ganglion cell
111
V5/MT
Direction tuning; motion
112
Direction Tuning
Each cell has a preferred direction of motion
113
True or False: V4 is NECESSARY for color detection
True; proved by lesions in V4
114
True or False: V5 is NECESSARY for motion perception
True; proved by lesions in V5
115
Retinal ganglion cells project to the _______ of the thalamus.
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
