Motor Learning and Recovery of Function

Question 1

What is motor learning?

Answer 1

the study of acquisition or modification of movement in normal subjects

Question 2

What is recovery of function?

Answer 2

The reacquisition of movement lost through injury

Question 3

Similar to motor control, motor learning emerges from the interaction between what 3 things?

Answer 3

the individual, the task, and the environment

Question 4

What is plasticity?

Answer 4

The ability to show modificationn

Question 5

Short term neural changes (learning) are associated with what?

Answer 5

enhanced synaptic efficiency

Question 6

Learning involved processes associated with what 2 things that ultimately lead to permanent changes in the capability of people to generate skilled actions?

Answer 6

practice and experience

Question 7

Performance is about ______ changes in motor behavior

Answer 7

temporary

Question 8

Mrs. Jean J shows an improved ability to stand symmetrically with weight evenly distributed on both legs at the end of her daily therapy session, but on the following day, she again stands with all her weight on her noninvolved leg.

Does the situation define learning or performance?

Answer 8

performance

Question 9

What is the best way to promote neuroplasticity (permanent changes)?

Answer 9

• Transfer to other context/environment

- Increase the frequency and degree of intensity

Question 10

What are the 2 forms of long-term memory?

Answer 10

• implicit (nondeclarative)

- explicit (declarative)

Question 11

What type of memory is related to motor skills and simple learning tasks?

Answer 11

implicit or nondeclarative

Question 12

What are the 3 subtypes of implicit memory?

Answer 12

• nonassociative learning
• associative learning
• procedural learning

Question 13

When does nonassociative learning occur?

Answer 13

When animals are given a single stimulus repeatedly

Question 14

What are the 2 forms of nonassociative learning?

Answer 14

• habituation

- sensitization

Question 15

What is habituation?

Answer 15

A decrease in responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a nonpainful stimulus

Question 16

In what ways can habituation be used clinically?

Answer 16

to treat dizziness in patients with certain types of vestibular dysfunction

Question 17

What is sensitization?

Answer 17

An increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimulus

Question 18

In what ways can sensitization be used clinically?

Answer 18

Increasing a patient’s awareness of stimuli indicating likelihood for impending falls when retraining balance

Question 19

Describe associative learning

Answer 19

It is through this this type of learning that a person learns to predict relationships

Question 20

What are the 2 forms of associative learning?

Answer 20

• classical conditioning

- operant conditioning

Question 21

When a person learns to predict the relationship of one stimulus from another it is called ______ conditioning

Answer 21

classical

Question 22

When a person learns to predict the relationship of one’s behavior to a consequence it is called ______ conditioning

Answer 22

operant

Question 23

Describe procedural learning

Answer 23

A form of nondeclarative learning that refers to learning tasks that can be performed automatically without attention or conscious thought, like a habit

Question 24

How does procedural learning develop?

Answer 24

Through repetition of an act over many trials (practice)

Question 25

The ability to remember factual knowledge is called what type of memory?

Answer 25

explicit or declarative

Question 26

What is the major difference between explicit and implicit learning?

Answer 26

Implicit learning is more reflexive in character and requires frequent repetition for its formation, whereas explicit learning results in knowledge that can be continuously recalled and thus requires processes such as awareness, attention, and reflection

Question 27

What can be defined as a group of abstract ideas about the nature and control of the acquisition or modification of movement?

Answer 27

theories of motor learning

Question 28

Theories of motor learning have formed the foundation for what?

Answer 28

evidence-based neural rehabilitation

Question 29

The closed-loop theory of motor learning hypothesized that 2 distinct types of memory processes were important in this process, what are they?

Answer 29

- memory trace | - perceptual trace

Question 30

Describe the memory and perceptual traces

Answer 30

Movement is selected and initiated by the memory trace, then the perceptual trace takes over the carry out the movement and detect the error

Question 31

What is a limitation of the closed-loop theory?

Answer 31

Its failure to explain open-loop movements performed in the absence of sensory feedback

Question 32

Schmidt's motor learning theory that emphasized open-loop control processes and the generalized motor program concept was called what?

Answer 32

the schema theory

Question 33

What does the generalized motor program contain?

Answer 33

the rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given movement

Question 34

According to Schmidt, after an individual makes a movement, four things are available for brief storage in short-term memory, what are these 4 things?

Answer 34

1) Initial movement conditions (position and mass of the object being manipulated) 2) Parameters of motor program (force, direction) 3) Outcomes of the movement in terms of knowledge of results 4) Sensory consequences of the movement (how it felt, looked, sounded etc.)

Question 35

What are the 2 types of schemas proposed?

Answer 35

- recall | - recognition

Question 36

What is the recall schema used to do?

Answer 36

Select a specific response

Question 37

What is the recognition schema used to do?

Answer 37

evaluate the response

Question 38

According to Schmidt's Schema Theory, what is learning a product of?

Answer 38

updating the recall and recognition schemas with each repetition of the movement

Question 39

How is the schema theory applied clinically?

Answer 39

The variability of practice improves learning, making rules for motor program stronger and more generalizable

Question 40

What does Newell's Ecological Theory suggest?

Answer 40

That motor learning is a process that increase the coordination between perception and action in a way that is consistent with the task and environmental constraints

Question 41

What is critical to the search for optimal strategies?

Answer 41

The exploration of the perceptual/motor workspace to find the most relevant and efficient for the task

Question 42

According to the Ecological theory where does feedback come from?

Answer 42

perceptual cues, such as knowledge of performance and knowledge of results

Question 43

What is the difference between knowledge of performance and knowledge of results?

Answer 43

- Knowledge of performance is feedback on the movement pattern during movement - Knowledge of results is feedback related to an outcome given at the end of movement

Question 44

What 2 theories focus on motor learning from a temporal perspective and attempt to more carefully characterize the learning process?

Answer 44

- 3 stage model | - 2 stage model

Question 45

What do the two and three stage models describe?

Answer 45

How learning occurs over time

Question 46

According to Fitts and Posner what are the 3 stages involved in learning a new skill?

Answer 46

- cognitive - associative - autonomous

Question 47

What are the 3 stages involved in learning a new skill according to the systems three-stage model?

Answer 47

- novice - advanced - expert

Question 48

Describe the two stages in Gentiles two-stage model

Answer 48

1) the goal of the learner is to develop an understanding of the task dynamics 2) the goal of the learner is to refine the movement

Question 49

What is stage two in Gentiles two-stage model called?

Answer 49

fixation/diversification stage

Question 50

_____ skills require refinement of a single or limited number of movement patterns, whereas ______ skills require a diversity of movement patterns.

Answer 50

Closed Early

Question 51

What 4 factors are important to consider when retraining patients with motor control problems?

Answer 51

- practice frequency - feedback - practice conditions - variability of practice

Question 52

Describe how practice improves performance

Answer 52

Early practice improves performance rapidly, but at a certain point performance begins to slow down

Question 53

What are the 2 types of feedback?

Answer 53

- intrinsic | - extrinsic

Question 54

What is intrinsic feedback?

Answer 54

Feedback that comes to the individual simply through the various sensory systems as a result of the normal production of the movement

Question 55

What is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 55

Information that supplements intrinsic feedback

Question 56

What are 2 major forms of extrinsic feedback?

Answer 56

- knowledge of results | - knowledge of performance

Question 57

Knowledge of ____ can be defined as terminal feedback about the outcome of the movement, in terms of the movement's goals

Answer 57

results

Question 58

Knowledge of ____ can be defined as feedback relating to the movement pattern used to achieve the goal

Answer 58

performance

Question 59

_____ practice is defined as a session in which the amount of practice time in a trail is greater than the amount of rest between trials

Answer 59

Masses

Question 60

_____ practice is defined as a session in which the amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trail

Answer 60

Distributed

Question 61

What can be defined as the process of identifying the components of a skill or movement and then ordering them into a sequence?

Answer 61

task analysis

Question 62

When should part practice be used?

Answer 62

For tasks that can be naturally divided into different units (single joint motion)

Question 63

When should whole practice be used?

Answer 63

for skills with multi-joint coordination (skating, jumping, etc.)

Question 64

Describe the difference between guided and discovery learning

Answer 64

- Guidance learning the patient is physically guided through the task - Discovery learning the patient learns through trial-and-error approach

Question 65

Constant practice should be performed in a(n) _____ environment whereas variable practice should be performed in a(n) _____ environment

Answer 65

closed open

Question 66

True or False The neural circuits responsible for motor programs are activated during mental practice

Answer 66

True

Question 67

What 5 factors play a role in recovery of function?

Answer 67

- Age/gender - Genetic make-up - Lesion size/site - Pre-injury/Previous experience - Post-injury factors