Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Motor control > motor learning physiology > Flashcards

motor learning physiology Flashcards

week 2 lecture 3 - part of exam 1 (51 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is NOT an overlapping factor in evidence based clinical practice?

  • clinical expertise
  • personal preferences
  • research
  • client characteristics
A

personal perferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CNS –> Brain –> forebrain –> telencephalon, diencephalon –>

A

telecephalon –> cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala
diencephalon –> thalamus, hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neurons have excitatory postsynaptic potential created by action potential and dies away after 3-4ms exept with summation
what are the types of summation

A
  • spatial summation (simultatneous stimulation by several presynaptic neurons)
  • temporal summation (high freq. stimulation by one presynaptic neuron)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the processing level of the CNS from highest to lowest level

A

cerebral cortex

diencephalon

cerebellum

brain stem

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spinal level action stays low in the processing level and s a simple relationship between sensory input and motor output
some examples include:

A
  • organization of reflexes
  • simple responses to sensory input
  • flexion/extension patterns associated with leg movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

waht kind of movemetn is the brain stem involved in?

A
  • postural control and locomotion
  • contains sensory and motor pathways

reticular formation: regulates arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what motions is the basal ganglia involved in

A
  • action selecation
  • preparation of movement
  • execution of movement
  • seequencing of movement
  • movement control (force)
  • interanlly guided movements (self- initiated or remembered)
    -** reinforcement/reward based learning (dopamine is released here)**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where is dopamine released?

A

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

parkinsons affects what part of the brain

A

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what occurs at the corticobasal ganglia loop?

A
  • inhibition of unwanted movements
  • excitation of desired movements (dopamine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what occors at the basal ganglia brainstem system

A
  • gait and balance
  • integration with cerebellum

automatic control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

basal ganglia has the direct and indirect pathways - what is the role of each

A

direct: MSIT
- turning off the inhibition (substantia nigra- through gaba) produces planned movement

indrect: MSENIT
- turns on the inhibition (substantia nigra- through glutamate). cessation of planned movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cerebellum

input from the spinal cord:
input from the cortex:

other roles in motor control

A

input SP: gets feedback about movement and then refines
input cortex: info on planning movements

  • coordinates motor responses
  • error detection and correction
  • involved in motore learning
  • involved in externally (especially visual) guided movementes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions of the cerebellum?

A

spinocerebellum:
cerebrocerebellum:
vestibulocerebellum:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

primary function of spinocerebellum

A

monitor and fine-tune limb movements.
- this is achieved by proprioceptive input from the dorsal column pathway of the spina lcord, the cranial treigeminal nerve, the visual and auditory systems as well as the spinocerebellar tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

primary function of cerebrocerebellum

A
  • concerned with planning future movements and als osome purely cognitive functions such as matching verbs to nouns (“run” for the “track”)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diencephalon

thalamus: role

A

relay station –> mail room

  • accepts and sifts all sensory info
  • processes info from the spinal cord, cerebellum and brainstem

involved in:
- leraning
- long term goal oriented behavior
- arousal
- memory
- abstract thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

diencephalon:

hypothalamus: role

A

links nervous system to endocrine system

  • hormonal control and regulates areas for thirst, hunger, body temp, water balance, BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypothalamus has input to where?

A
  • brainstem (visceral, somatic)
  • limbic system
  • cerebral cortex
  • retina
  • non- neural inputs: blood temp, osmolarity, hormone levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hypothalamus has oututs to where?

A
  • thalamus for cortical targets (neural)
  • to autonomic nervous system (neural)
  • to pituitary gland (neural and neuroendocrinal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

premotor cortex roles

Study These Flashcards
A

**planning and initation of movements related to external events **
- activates multiple muscles at multiple joints, which gives rise to more coordinated movements (refining)
- visually guided movements
- recieves input from cerebellum

22
Q

supplementary motor are (SMA) role

Study These Flashcards
A

- planning and initaion of internally guided movements (motivation)
- remembered or self guided movements
- imagined/mentally rehearsed tasks
- receives input from basal ganglia

remember basal gangalia has direct and indirect pathways, either producing planned movement or inhibiting planned movement

23
Q

SMA + premotor cortex both areas interact with:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • sensory processing areas
  • primary motor cortex
24
Q

how does the SMA and premotor cortex work together?

Study These Flashcards
A

both are involved in the motor cortex - they are the two non primary motor cortexes of the motor cortex that are located in the frontal lobe.

the SMA is involved in the executions of sequensing movements, attainment of motor skills AND premotor cortex helps planning the movement

25
What is a similarity betwen basal ganglia, cerebellum and primary motor cortex
all perform speed and force of movement
26
primary motor cortex
- contains a complex map of the body - receives input from multiple sources - outputs to motor neurons; contriubtes to corticospinal tract (~50%) - primarily creates single joint movments - controls force and speed of movement
27
somatosensory system
conscious perception of pressure, touch, pain, temp, position, movement and vibration - a 3 neuron system, relays sensations detected in the periphery and conveys them via pathways through the spinal cord, brainstem, and thalamic relay nuclei to the sensory cortex in the parietal lobe - includes neurons from teh lower to highest level of the CNS hierarchy - signals from periphery --> integration and interpretation in association cortex
28
somatosensory input somatosensory cortex : thalamus: spinal cord level: ascending pathways:
somatosensory cortex: - conscious awareness of sensory input - cross modality integration - localization of movemetn in specific body areas - beginning of spatial processing thalamus: - all sensory input goes here - processing and distribution of all sensory input spinal cord level: - reflexes - modulation of central pattern genreator out put (how much force is used) ascending pathways: - two systems faciliatate parallel processing and some redundancy ( good to have different ways to get into to the brain)
29
somatosensory cortex
- major processing area for all somatosensory modalities; marks beginning of conscious awareness of somatosensation - processes incoming info to increase contrast sensitivity (vision) - ID and discriminate between different objects through touch
30
primary vs secondary somatosensory cortex
primary: kinesthetic and touch info from contralateral side of body, organzied in a somatotopic manner secondary: won't talk about in this class- just know it exsists
31
somatosensory homunculus
meidal is genitals/toes/foot and moving laterally to leg, trunk, neck, arm, elobw, hand, eye, nose, face, tongue, pharynx, intra abdominal
32
somatosensory system - peripheral receptors
muscle spindle - intrafusal muscle fibers - group Ia and II afferent neurons - gamma motor neurons - stretch reflex loop golgi tendon organs joint receptors cutaneous receptors
33
muscle spindle
spindle shaped sensory receptors located in the muscle belly of skeletal muscles consists of: - very small muscle fibers call intrafusal fibers - sensory neuron endings - Group Ia and group II afferent - gamma motor neuron endings
34
role of muscle spinles in motor control
detect both absolute muscle length and changes in muscle length helps finely regulate muscle length during movement - our CNS programs how far a muscle can stretch, muscle spindle allows us to "play" with that a little more
35
give an example ofthe stretch reflex loop
gastrocnemius muscle is stretched --> muscle spindle Ia afferents in muscle are excited --> alpha motor neurons ofthe gastrocnemiu are excited --> simultaneously Ia inhibitory interneuron to antagonist muscle --> contraction occurs ## Footnote our body is tryingto prevent an injry
36
Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
- spindle shpaed, located at the muscle tendon junction (closer to tendon) - afferent info only via Ib afferent fibers (not subjectot CNS modulation) - sensitive to tension changes from either strethc or contraction of muscle - inhibits its own muscle and excites anatagonist (opposite of muscle spindle)
37
the GTO protects muscles from?
- injury - constantly mointors muscle tension - modulates muscle output in responses to fatigue except - GTO's of extensor muscles of the LE are active during stance phase of locomotion, exciting extensor muscles and inhibiting flexor muscles until unloaded
38
how does PNF work with the deep golgi tendon reflex?
shuts the antagonist down and allows for more length
39
what is required for a complete and accurate detection of movements?
combination of skin, joint and muscle receptors is required for a complere and accurate detection of movements
40
there are many joint receptors and they will proivde a danger signal when?
provide a danger signal aobut extreme joint motion as a defense
41
cutaneous receptors - 3 of them
mechanoreceptors --> pressure thermoreceptors --> temp nociceptors --> pain
42
what are 2 vestibular contributions to motor control?
gaze stabilization - vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) balance and posture - orientation with respect to gravity - rapid change in position (helps us understand w/moving vs. gravity, think like car sickness)
43
What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
gaze stabilization - maintains a visual image on the retina during head turning - reflex adjestment of eye position when there is movement of the head (eyes and head move in opposite direction, like eyes stay still while had moves)
44
cerebral cortex and sensory processing frontal: parietal: temporal: occipital:
- controls volunary movement - perception of sensory INput - auditory perception, memory, abstract thought and judgement - visual perception
45
sensory processing - posterior parietal lobe receives input from? coordinates vision how? may be a storage site for?
- receives input from somatosensory areas, visual system, and premotor ares - coordinates visual (spatial) info with movement (involved w/ visualy guided movements) - may be storage site for motor programs
46
# clinical considerations patient may have only one part of visula system in poor conditions... make sure ______ _________ is fixed on object during new task
central vision
47
# what is going on sensory map and info on the task
- kinesthetic sensation and other sensory organs
48
make a movement plan
- parietal lobe - sma and pre motor cortex
49
plant is sent
- motor cortex (muscle groups are specified) - cerebellum and a basal ganglia (modify and refine)
50
muscles are activated
- desending motor pathways - spinal cord - motor neurons
51
movement is updated
- cerebellum - sensation - spinal reflexes ( GTO, muscle spindle) then info is sent back to motor cortex/cerebellum to modify and refine

Motor control (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions