Motor Speech Disorder- Dysarthria Flashcards
(24 cards)
What does muscle tone refer to?
The measure of tension that exists when our muscles are in a resting state
What does muscle strength refer to?
The ability of the muscles to contract to a desired level and may be reduced
What does movement steadiness refer to?
The ability of muscles to generate steady movements and may be disrupted by involuntary movements
Movement speed
Speech requires fast articulatory movements that may be reduced.
Movement range
Refers to how far a structure such as jaw or tongue can be moved, this range can be reduced
Movement coordination
Refers to the ability to precisely time muscle contractions so that each articulator moves the intended distance and direction at the exact right time.
What are the 6 types of acquired dysarthria?
Spastic, flaccid, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, ataxic, and unilateral upper motor neuron
What is spastic dysarthria?
Increased muscle tone, weakness, reduced speed and range of movement and a state of hyperreflexes.
What is spastic dysarthria caused by?
Bilateral lesions in the motor cortex & its pathways to the lower motor neurons that cause muscle contraction
What are the characteristics of spastic dysarthria?
Reduced pitch & loudness variation, breathy, harsh, strained or strangled voice quality, distorted consonants and vowels, reduced or exaggerated stress.
What is flaccid dysarthria?
Muscle weakness, atrophy, and hypernasality. Results in restricted speed and range of movement.
What is flaccid dysarthria caused by?
Damage to the cranial nerves that are responsible for muscle contraction or damage to the cranial nerves that connect these motor neurons to the muscle.
What is flaccid dysarthria characterized by?
Reduced breath support, breathy voice quality, mono loudness, and monopitch, hypernasality, reduced articulatory precision, reduced utterance length.
What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?
A slow, monotone, rigid sounding speech
What is hypokinetic dysarthria caused by?
Damage to the basal ganglia which is a group of subcortical structures important for movement, most often observed with Parkinson’s disease which is a neurodegenerative disease that disrupts the production of dopamine, an important neuro transmitter.
What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?
Variable muscle tone and slow or fast involuntary movements.
What is hyperkinetic dysarthria caused by?
Sometimes hutingtons disease but most cases are idiopathic (unknown).
What are the characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria?
Sudden, irregular breathing patterns, sudden changes in pitch, loudness and quality, sudden breakdowns in articulatory precision, and rapid bursts of speech and inappropriate phrasing.
What is ataxic dysarthria caused by?
Damage to the cerebellum causing incoordination, dysmetria, and tremors
What are the characteristics of ataxic dysarthria?
Irregular breathing patterns, hoarse or breathy voice quality, irregular pitch and changes in loudness, reduced articulatory precision, and irregular speech rhythm.
What are the 5 subsystems of speech?
Articulatory, resonatory, respiratory, phonotary
What is dysarthria?
Referees to a group of neurogenic speech disorders that are organized by abnormalities within movement speed, strength, range, tone, steadiness, and coordination that are required for respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory, and prosodic aspects of speech.
Difference between paralysis and paresis?
Paralysis is complete inability to perform any movement, and paresis is a reduction in muscle strength with limited range of voluntary movements.
What are the causes of developmental dysarthria?
Pre-, peri-, postnatal damage to the nervous system.Lack of oxygen in the womb, Gilles de Tourette, maternal infections. Head trauma in difficult deliveries, infections, stroke.