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Neuroscience Y1/T1 > Motor System And Movement > Flashcards

Motor System And Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Components of Hierarchical motor system

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Brain stem
  3. Spinal cord
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2
Q

Describe the parallel organisation of the motor system

A
  1. Parts the refine herachical organisation
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brain stem
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3
Q

3 parts of brain stem

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

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4
Q

Why are there spinal cord enlargements

A

Where motor neurones for limbs and body are located

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5
Q

Where are cell bodies of motor neurones located?

A

Axons exit ventral root

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6
Q

Role of alpha motor neurones

A
  • each muscle fibre receives input from one alpha motor neurone
  • each alpha motor neurone innervates 3 muscle fibres
  • innervates big skeletal muscles
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7
Q

Define a motor unit

A

Alpha motor neurone + all innervated muscle fibres

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8
Q

Define a motor neurone pool

A

All alpha motor neurones innervating a muscle

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9
Q

Function of Gamma motor neurones

A

Innervate striated muscle involved in providing sensitively to motor system

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10
Q

Define voluntary movements

A

Descending motor pathways

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11
Q

Describe upper motor neurones

A
  1. From cortex to brain stem/ spinal cord

2. Innervate alpha/gamma/inter Neurones in brain stem/ spinal cord

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12
Q

Describe lower motor neurones

A
  1. From brainstem or spinal cord to muscle/ periphery

2. Stimulate or inhibit muscle contraction

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13
Q

Define a reflex

A

Sensory input + motor output

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14
Q

Describe the myotatic stretch reflex

A
  1. Monosynaptic
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15
Q

What are muscle spindles

A
  1. Encode information on muscle length
  2. Contain 1a and 2 afferent neurones
  3. Synapse onto alpha motor neurones in spinal cord
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16
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
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17
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected
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18
Q

Describe a reciprocal innervation reflex

A
  1. A polysynaptic reflex where primary afferent neurone synapses on multiple alpha motor neurones
  2. One of these will be inhibitory and relax one of the antagonistic muscles
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19
Q

What are the two types of muscle stretch proprioceptors

A
  1. Spindle fibres

2. Golgi tendon organs

20
Q

Describe Golgi tendon organs

A
  1. Reside in tendons of muscles
  2. 1B sensory afferent neurone
  3. Monitor extent of muscle tension
  4. Inhibit further muscle contraction
21
Q

3 different sources of input to alpha motor neurones

A
  1. Sensory input from muscles (involuntary reflex movement)
  2. Input from upper motor neurones (initiates and controls voluntary movement)
  3. Spinal interneurones (produce coordinated movement)
22
Q

Describe the Cutaneous reflex mama

A
  1. Cutaneous receptors detect noxious stimuli
  2. Primary afferent neurones activated
  3. Contraction of flexor
  4. Relaxation of extensor
  5. Movement on entire limb away from harm
23
Q

Describe the anatomy of the thalamus

A
  1. Egg shaped collection of two thalami (grey matter)

2. Sits on top of brain stem between the hemispheres

24
Q

What connects the two thalami

A
  1. Thalamus adhesion

2. Called massa intermedia

25
Q

What structure separates the nuclei of the thalamus

A
  1. Internal medullary lamina
  2. Y shaped layers of afferent/efferent nerve fibres
  3. Divides the anterior, medial and lateral masses of nuclei
26
Q

Two structural nuclei of the thalamus

A

Intralaminar nuclei: within internal medullary lamina

Reticular nuclei: wraps around the outside of the thalamus

27
Q

Describe the relationship between thalamus and the cortex

A
  1. Entire cortex receives input from the thalamus
  2. Majority project to ipsilateral cortex
  3. Extensive reciprocal connection towards thalamus (corticofugal fibres)
28
Q

3 classifications of thalami nuclei

A

Specific: relay sensory and motor information to cortex

Association: input from specific cortical areas then relay to association areas

Non-specific nuclei: associative areas of the cortex and brainstem

29
Q

Describe geniculate nuclei of thalamus

A
  1. Lie at the poles
  2. Input from optic tract
  3. Projects to primary visual cortex
30
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
31
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected
32
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
33
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected
34
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
35
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected
36
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
37
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected
38
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
39
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected
40
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
41
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected
42
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
43
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected
44
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
45
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected
46
Q

3 cortical motor areas

A 
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 
Movement
2. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
Complex movements 
3. Pre-motor cortex (PMA) 
Influences motor behaviour
47
Q

Describe the structure of motor area interactions

A
  1. Classical hierarchical model
    - planning at supplementary and premotor areas
    - then to primary motor cortex
  2. Parallel distribution network
    - each area contributes to descending pathways
    - 50% primary motor
    - areas no-directionally connected

Neuroscience Y1/T1 (10 decks)

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