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Physiology > Motor System Notes > Flashcards

Motor System Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

enhance the ability of motor control system to produce coordinated movement

A

spinal cord reflexes

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2
Q

automatic response to stimuli

A

reflex

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3
Q

components of reflex are

A
  • afferent pathway ( sensory receptor )
  • integrating centre ( spinal cord or brain )
  • efferent pathway (motor or secretory neuron)
  • effector target ( gland or muscle )
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4
Q

classification of reflexes are according to

A
  • site of receptor
  • number of synapses
  • site of integration
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5
Q

site of receptors in motor system includes

A
  • superficial - withdrawal reflex planter abd
  • deep - stretch reflex golgi tendon reflex
  • visceral - micturition defecation
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6
Q

classification synapses

A
  • monosynaptic i.e. stretch reflex
  • bi synaptic i.e. golgi tendon
  • poly synaptic i.e. withdrawal
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7
Q

site of integration of motor system includes

A
  • simple ( spinal cord )

- complex ( brain stem cortex )

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8
Q

spinal reflexes include

A
  • deep reflexes
  • superficial reflexes
  • visceral reflexex
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9
Q

deep reflexes are located in and include

A

located in muscles and tendons and includes stretch reflex golgi tendon reflex postural spinal reflexes

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10
Q

superficial reflexes are located in and include

A

located in receptors in the skin and include abdominal reflexes cremasteric reflex planter reflex

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11
Q

visceral reflexes are located in and include

A

located in smooth muscles and glands such as the heart blood vessels or structures of the gi tract micturition reflex defecation reflex erection reflex

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12
Q

simple deep monosynaptic reflex

A

stretch reflex

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13
Q

stimulus and response

A

preceded by stretch (stimulus) and then contraction of the skeletal muscle (response)

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14
Q

receptor of stretch reflex is

A

muscle spindle

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15
Q

common example of stretch reflex is

A

knee jerk reflex

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16
Q

stretch reflex

A

helps to maintain the length of muscles and contributes to joint stabilization

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17
Q

mechanism of knee jerk reflex

A

rubber hammer strikes against the patellar tendon when the hammer strikes it stretches the tendon which pulls on the quadriceps femurs muscle because bones and tendons do not typically pull muscles, the muscle “thinks” it is stretching very rapidly, and the reflex acts to counteract this stretch

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18
Q

mechanism of reflex also includes

A

the activation of an interneuron that inhibits the alpha motor neuron of the antagonistic muscle

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19
Q

mechanism of interneurons that inhibits the alpha motor neuron of the antagonistic muscle

A

primary afferent neurons stimulate inhibitory interneurons interneuron inhibits alpha motor neuron antagonist muscle relaxes

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20
Q

muscle spindle

A

spindle shape encapsulated muscle fibres has intrafusal fibres and extrafusal fibres

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21
Q

have sensory & motor innervation

A

intrafusal fibres of muscle spindle

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22
Q

generate tension

A

extrafusal fibres of muscle spindle

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23
Q

what are the two types of fibres in muscle spindles (intrafusal fibres)

A

nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres

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24
Q

nuclear bag fibres

A
  • 30µm in diameter
  • 7mm in length
  • nuclei gathered centrally as if in a bag
  • 2-3 nuclear bag fibers present in a typical spindle
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25
two types of nuclei bag fibres
- dynamic | - static
26
nuclear chain fibres
- 15µm in diameter - 4mm in length - nuclei lined up in single chain centrally - 6-10 nuclear chain fiber present in each spindle
27
attach to central part which is sensitive to stretch
afferents motor neurons
28
attach to the end which are contractile
efferents motor neurons
29
what connects intrafusal and extrafusal fibres
connective tissue which allows the fibres to interact together
30
stimulus of muscle spindle
- extrafusal fibers stretch that lead to stretch of the central part of the intrafusal fibres by gravity or tapping a muscle - contraction of intrafusal fibers ends carried by γ efferent discharge
31
what is the separate motor innervation that is located in the intrafusal muscle fibres and what is its function
gamma efferent motoneurons (also located in the anterior horn) neurons co-activate with alpha motoneurons to ensure that the intrafusal fibres remain under tension (do not become slack) when muscles contract, so that stretch-sensitivity is maintained during movement
32
how many sensory afferent neurons emerging from the muscle spindle
two
33
the sensory afferent neurons emerging from the muscle spindle
type 1a fibers and type 2 fibers
34
type 1a fibres 1ry sensory fiber
- single large myelinated fibre rapidly conducting - wrap around nuclear bag ( static and dynamic ) nuclear chain fibers, to form ( annulospirl endings )
35
provides information about the rate of change in muscle length (dynamic) and change in muscle length (static)
type 1a fiber 1ry sensory fiber
36
annulospirl endings
type of nerve fiber ending in muscle spindles in which the nerve fiber is wrapped around the muscle fiber near the center of the spindle
37
type 2 fibres 2ry sensory endings
- have lower conduction velocity than type 1a - wrap only on static nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres - to form ( flower spray endings )
38
provides information about the change in muscle length (static)
type 2 fibres 2ry sensory endings
39
rapid discharge during muscle stretch comes from nuclear bag it measure the rate of change in muscle stretch
dynamic
40
less rapid discharge during sustain stretch comes from nuclear chain and static nuclear bag measure the muscle length
static
41
neurotransmitter of efferent neuron is
glutamate
42
neurotransmitter of interneuron is
glycine
43
how many efferent motor fibres are there
two
44
efferent motor fibres are
type A alpha and type A gamma
45
supply the extrafusal fiber to do muscle contraction
type A alpa
46
supply the intrafusal fibres contractile part to there receptor sensitivity to stretch & generate muscle tone
type A gamma
47
types of type A gamma fibres
dynamic γ fibers and static
48
innervate dynamic nuclear bag sensitivity of 1a afferent to stretch ( plate ending )
dynamic γ fibers
49
innervate nuclear chain & and static nuclear bag tonic activity in 1a afferents at any given muscle length ( trail ending )
static
50
skeletal muscle tone
state of continuous mild contraction of skeletal muscle during rest
51
mechanism of skeletal muscle tone
static type of stretch reflex
52
caused by the normal tonic discharge of the A gamma
skeletal muscle tone
53
stimulus of muscle tone
- natural stretch of muscles - gravitational force - gamma efferent discharge
54
responsible for maintaining the erect posture against gravity
muscle tone
55
when does muscle tone increase and decrease
increases when muscles are relaxed and decreased when muscle are contract this prevent the jerkiness of movement (rigidity)
56
holds the viscera back and prevent bulging
muscle tone
57
important in venous return and maintains normal body tempreature
muscle tone
58
facilitate and inhibit discharge
supra spinal centres
59
facilitators their discharge increase sensitivity of muscle spindle to stretch
pyramidal tract & cerebellum
60
loss of this facilitation cause hypotonia
pyramidal tract & cerebellum increasing sensitivity of muscle spindle to stretch
61
extrapyramidal tracts are inhibitory loss of basal ganglia & spinal cord transection
result in ↑tone
62
deep spinal bisynaptic reflex
golgi tendon reflex
63
stimulus of golgi tendon reflex
excessive tension ( hyper stretch )
64
receptor of golgi tendon reflex
golgi tendon organ (plexus of nerve ending with in the tendon of muscle ) connected in series with extrafusal fibers
65
how is the golgi tendon reflex stimulated
stimulated when the muscle contracted & pulls on its tendon
66
in over stretch of muscle contraction is replaced by
relaxation that protect the muscle against rupture & tendon avulsion
67
reciprocal innervation
describes skeletal muscles as existing in antagonistic pairs, with contraction of one muscle producing forces opposite to those generated by contraction of the other
68
epsp and ipsp
EPSP is received when an excitatory presynaptic cell, connected to the dendrite, fires an action potential An inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) is a temporary hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane caused by the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell.
69
mechanism of reciprocal innervation
impulses in afferent to spinal motor neuron produce : 1. EPSP to the protagonist muscle 2. IPSP to the antagonist muscle because it ends on Golgi bottle inhibitory interneuron that secrete glycine at synpses
70
primary tendon jerks
bicep jerk triceps jerk knee jerk ankle jerk
71
bicep jerk and its corresponding nerve
C5 C6
72
tricep jerk and its corresponding nerve
C7 C8
73
knee jerk and its corresponding nerve
L2 L3 L4
74
ankle jerk and its corresponding nerve
S1
75
scratch reflex
it initiated by the itch and tickle sensation by example | by moving an insect on the skin
76
scratch reflex is endowed with
reciprocal innervation

Physiology (7 decks)

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