Movement 1

Question 1

4 Major neural movement centers

Answer 1

• Lower motor neurons (ex. spinal cord)
• Upper motor neurons (ex. motor cortex)
• Cerebellum
• Basal ganglia

Question 2

Types of muscle receptors

Answer 2

• Golgi tendon organs: Sense tension
• Muscle spindle receptors

Question 3

Types of muscle spindle receptors

Answer 3

• Primary sensory endings
• Secondary sensory endings

Question 4

Primary sensory endings innervate the ____ region of the muscle spindle and senses ____

Answer 4

Central; Stretch

Question 5

Secondary sensory endings innervate the thin ____ of the muscle spindle and senses ____ of stretch

Answer 5

Ends; speed

Question 6

Lower motor neurons are located in the ____ and ____ ____; they send ____ to ____ and the rest of the ____

Answer 6

• Brainstem; spinal cord
• Axons; muscles; body

Question 7

Relationship between motor neuron and muscle fibers

Answer 7

Motor neuron 脚踏无数muscle fiber的船

Question 8

Muscles are activated when muscles receive input from ____ neurons in the ____ ____ and release ____ (the neurotransmitter)

Answer 8

Motor; spinal cord; Acetylcoline

Question 9

Antagonistic pairs

Answer 9

Muscles arranged in opposite pairs with extensors and flexors

Question 10

An individual muscle can only generate movement in…

Answer 10

One direction🎶

Question 11

Local circuits

Answer 11

Generate motor movement in response to sensory info
(From PNS to spinal cord and back, without engaging the brain)

Question 12

4 descending projections (tracts) from brain stem to spinal cord

Answer 12

• Tectospinal
• Rubrospinal
• Reticulospinal
• Verstibulospinal

Question 13

Tectospinal tract controls…

Answer 13

Neck muscle & Head, eye movements

Question 14

Rubrospinal tract controls…

Answer 14

Arm musculature

Question 15

Reticulospinal tract controls…

Answer 15

• Temporal and special coordination & movement
• Cardiovacular & respiratory movement

Question 16

Vestiulospinal tract controls…

Answer 16

• Balance/posture
• axial muscles
• antigravity
• and eye fixation during movement (自动鸡头)

Question 17

Which of the areas are included in the upper motor neurons?

Answer 17

• Brainstem
• Cerebral Cortex
• Motor Cortices
• Primary Motor Cortex

Question 18

Cerebral cortex has a ____ tract that projects to the ____ ____

Answer 18

Pyramidal; spinal cord

Question 19

Three regions of the motor cortices (upper motor neurons)

Answer 19

• Primary motor cortex
• Supplementary motor area (planning movements)
• Predator cortex (planning & control limb movements)

Question 20

Primary motor cortex controls…

Answer 20

Voluntary movement of contralateral side of body
- Topographic organization (overlapがあります)
- Betz cells

Question 21

Betz cells

Answer 21

Also called “giant pyramidal cells”
- project to spinal cord

Question 22

If neuron decreases firing rate when the arm move to the right and increases firing rate when the arm move to the left, then the arm is said to be…

Answer 22

Tuned to the left