Movement Flashcards by Hannah Wolverson

What is flexion?

decreases the angle at the joint

sagittal plane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is extension?

increases the angle at the joint

sagittal plane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is protraction?

forward advancement of the limbs

sagittal plane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is retraction?

backwards movement of the limbs

sagittal plane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is abduction?

movement of the limb away from the trunk

frontal plane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is adduction?

movement of the limb towards the trunk

frontal plane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is rotation?

circular movement

horizontal plane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is circumduction?

combination of abduction and rotation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Movement
Protection
Storage
Shape
Support

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the regions of the skeleton?

Axial- skull, spine, ribs, sternum
Appendicular- forelimb (thoracic appendicular skeleton), hindlimb, pelvis
Joints

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the skull?

• Houses the brain and the majority of the senses
• The head and neck play an important role in balance during
locomotion.
• Head position alters centre of gravity: important in changing speed and gait.
• Extremes of head and neck position are often encountered in equine sports so it is important to understand the anatomy in order to identify changes/problems these may cause.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What bones make up the equine skull?

do not to know these for exam

Maxilla
Mandible
Incisivebone
Nasalbone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Pallantinebone
Frontal bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Interparietal bone
Occipital bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the canine skull shapes?

Canine skull shapes vary between breeds
Brachycephalic- pug, bulldog, King Charles spaniel
Mesaticephalic- Labrador, spaniel
Dolichocephalic- hound, Doberman

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the muscles of the skull?

masseter
temporalis
muscles for the ears
muscles for lips and muzzle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the equine spine made up of?

7 Cervical
18 Thoracic
6 Lumbar
5 Sacral (fused)
~15-21Coccygeal or caudal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the flexibility of the equine spine.

Highly flexible cervical and coccygeal spine.

* Minor dorsoventral and lateral movement of thoracolumbar and sacral spine.

What is the vertebral formula of the equine spine?

• Vertebral formula, C7, T18, L6, S5, Cg or

Ca15-21

What is the canine spinal formula?

•Spinal formula C7, T13, L7, S3, Cg or Ca20-23

What are the processes of vertebrae?

Dorsal spinous process
Transverse process
Articular process

What is the equine cervical vertebrae made up of?

atlas or C1
C1 to C7
C1 and C2 have a different interaction and no intervertebral disk

What are the sections of the equine spine?

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccygeal or Caudal

What are the two joint types between vertebrae?

Joint between vertebral bodies.
Intervertebral discs.
Movement in all directions.
Joints between articular facets.
Limited by angle which varies throughout spine.

What are intervertebral discs?

inner nucleus (pulp), outer annulus fibrosus
spreads compressive forces
• Pulpy nucleus.
• Annulus fibrosus.
• Thickness decreases throughout thoracic and
lumbar regions.
• Spread compressive forces.
• Annulus fibrosus under tension during
compressive force.
• Flexion of spine compresses ventral aspect of disc.

What do two successive vertebrae form?

one intervertebral foramen

What is transitional vertebrae and fusion?

* Deformation of vertebrae * Usually occurs at junctions * Fusion can occur anywhere, has a pain association during the process

What are the ligaments of the equine spine?

* Nuchal ligament * Funicularportion * Lamella portion * Nuchal ligament attaches at C2 and has no lamellar portion * Supraspinousligament * Supraspinous ligament attaches at T1

What are the bones of the equine forelimb?

* Scapula * Humerus * Radius and ulna * Carpus * 7 bones * Metacarpal bones * II – IV * Phalanges * Long pastern • Short pastern • Coffin bone * Sesamoid bones * Proximal sesamoids * Navicular bone

What are the bones of the canine forelimb?

* Scapular * Humerus * Radius * Ulnar * Carpal bones * Metacarpal bones * Phalanges

What are the bones of the equine hindlimb?

* Pelvis * Ilium * Ischium * Pubis * Femur * Patella * Tibia and fibula * Tarsus * 6 bones * Metatarsal bones * II – IV * Phalanges * Long pastern * Short pastern * Coffin bone

What are the bones of the canine hindlimb?

* Pelvis * Femur * Sacrum * Tibia and fibula * Tarsus * Metatarsal bones * Phalanges

What is the pelvis made up of?

* Some times referred to as the os coxae * Made up of three regions that fuse at around 1 year old * Illium * Ischium * Pubis

What are the bony landmarks?

* Tubercle – small rounded projection. * Tuberosity – small rough projection. * Process – larger projection. * Spine – pointed or narrow process. * Fossa – shallow depression or recess. * Foramen – natural hole. * Condyles - smooth rounded articular process. * Epicondyle–area above a condyle. * Crest – prominent ridge. * Sulcus – deep groove. * Trochlea – smooth grooved articular process (like a pulley). • Facet – small flat articular surface. * Ramus – extension of a bone that makes an angle.