movment disorders Cerebellum

Question 1

synergy of movement

Answer 1

elemental muscular contractions are coordinated to create purposeful movement

Question 2

posture

Answer 2

whereby the body is oriented appropriately relative to the vector of gravity

Question 3

muscular tone

Answer 3

muscles exhibit appropriate basal levels of contraction to determine posture

Question 4

comparator actions of cerebellum

Answer 4

copies of motor instructions get to cerebellum and it compares gets sensory feedback and then compares it with the original motor instructions. if the outcomes are mismatched its ends corrective signals to the motor centers

Question 5

basic rule of cerebllar function

Answer 5

1. cerebellum innervates the ipsilateral body indirectly

Question 6

acute cerebellar damage uields

Answer 6

pronounced ipsilateral motor deficits.

Question 7

substantail functional recovery often occurs with

Answer 7

long standing but non progressive crebellar damage

Question 8

embryological origin of cerebellum

Answer 8

protuberance of the mesencephalon

Question 9

anterior lobe is superior to

Answer 9

the primary fissure

Question 10

the cerebellar hemisphere indirectly regulates

Answer 10

the ipsilateral body

Question 11

trunk is functionally regulated by

Answer 11

more medial cerebellar structures

Question 12

limbs are functionally regulated by

Answer 12

more laterally cerebellar structures.

Question 13

vestibulo cerebellum

Answer 13

cooresponds with the flocculonodular lobe, most afferents arise form the vestibular apparatus regulating balance and eyemovements

Question 14

spinocerebellum

Answer 14

overlaps primarily with anterior node. provides region with sensory feedback regarding consequences of motor activity, assisting with regulation of gross truncal and limb movements

Question 15

cerebro cerebellum

Answer 15

overlaps with psoterior lobe. integrates instructions with sensory feedback to smooth movements requiring precision and location and timing.

Question 16

cerebellar efferents and afferents form

Answer 16

cerebellar peduncles

Question 17

middle peducnle carries

Answer 17

info from pons to cerebellum

Question 18

superior and inferior peduncles carry

Answer 18

bidirectional traffic with theinferior peduncle being the greater conductor of afferents.

Question 19

Superior peduncle transmit to

Answer 19

pons and midbrain(except vestibular nuclei

Question 20

inferior cerebellar relay

Answer 20

info from spinal levels into the cerebellum

Question 21

supeiror peduncle also contributes to

Answer 21

communications with olive, CN VIII , vestibular nuclei.

Question 22

suprspinal inputs

Answer 22

cerebro-ponto-cerebellar, rubro-olivo, reticulo, vestibulo, tecto-ponto, trigeminal, monoaminergic

Question 23

copies of corticospinal an corticobulbar signals terminate in

Answer 23

the ipsilateral deep pontine nuclei

Question 24

pontocerebellar fibers cross the mid line to

Answer 24

enter the cerebellar hemisphere opposite to the cortical site of origin via the middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 25

rubro efferents that don't cross as part of the rubrospinal tract may descend to

Answer 25

the rsotral medulla to synapse in the inferior olivary nucleus

Question 26

olivo-cerebellar fibers cross the midline of the medulla to

Answer 26

enter the cerebellum

Question 27

reticular formation normally influences

Answer 27

muscle tone and informs the cerebellum

Question 28

vestibular afferents my pass directly

Answer 28

from CN VIII into the ipslateral flocculonodular lobe

Question 29

Vestibular nuclei less directly relay

Answer 29

additional signals arising from cranial nerve VII

Question 30

tectum orients

Answer 30

the head and eyes towards potential threats based on auditory, visual and somatosensory info

Question 31

tectal motor signals reach

Answer 31

the cerebellum

Question 32

trigeminal nuclei provides

Answer 32

inputs to the cerebellum

Question 33

pontine and medullary nuclie project to

Answer 33

the cerebellum providing monaminergic modulation

Question 34

Spinocerebellar inputs

Answer 34

dorsal spinocerebellar, ventral spinocerebellar, cuneocerebelllar.

Question 35

ventral spinocerebellar system is

Answer 35

an array of receptors that contribute to analysis of whole limb movement communicating with spinal gray matter

Question 36

spinal neruons sends acons acroos the cord to

Answer 36

ascend to the superior cerebellar penduncle to enter the cerebellum

Question 37

many of the spinal neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar system cross a second time

Answer 37

within the cerebellum. (this is functionally similar to the pathway that doesn't cross.

Question 38

neuromuscular spindles and golgi tendon organs transmit signals related to

Answer 38

specific msucles into the spinal dorsal horn

Question 39

the dorsal spinocerebellar pathway scends

Answer 39

ipsilaterally to enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 40

proprioceptors for the uppper limbs contribute to

Answer 40

the ipslateral fasciculus cuneatus which terminats int he medullary nucleus cuneatus

Question 41

external aruate fibers enter the cerebellum throguh

Answer 41

the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle as the cuneo cerebellar pathwya.

Question 42

beneath meninges is

Answer 42

the cerebellar cortex

Question 43

beneath the cerebeallar cortex is

Answer 43

the subcortical white matter

Question 44

embedded within the subcortical white matter are

Answer 44

clusters of cell bodies which are analogous to the basal nuclei of the cerebrum

Question 45

near the deep cerebellar nuclei is the

Answer 45

ventricular system(fourth ventricle, analogous with the lateral ventricles.

Question 46

two basic types of fibers enter the cerebellum largely terminating in the

Answer 46

cortex but also the dep cerebellar nuclei

Question 47

climbing fibers arise from the

Answer 47

inferior olivary nuclei

Question 48

mossy fibers constistue

Answer 48

the remainder of the cerebellar afferents.

Question 49

cerebellar cortex is organized as

Answer 49

foila and is laminated

Question 50

closest to the white matter lie

Answer 50

the cortical granule cells which form the granule layer and receive inputs from mossy fibers

Question 51

vestibulo cerebellum distrubances affect

Answer 51

equilibrium related motor functions: nystagmus, tilted head, titubation

Question 52

spino cerebullum disturbances affect

Answer 52

posture and movements of limbs: ataxias, gait ataxia accompanied by lurching to the side of the lesion

Question 53

cerebro cerebellum disturbances affect

Answer 53

accuracy and timing of movement: ataxia, decomposition of movement, dysarthria(slurred monotous speech), dyssynergia(no rapid alternating movements, dysmetria(past-pointing, hypotonia, intention tremor, rebound phenomenon

Question 54

midline astrocytomas

Answer 54

occur most commonly in children - broad based stance with impaired tandem walking -nystagmus - truncal ataxia - headache -hydrocephalus -elevated IP -nausea and vomiting

Question 55

granule cell axons ascend to

Answer 55

the superficial cortical layer, then bifurcate, wiht one process traveling medial and the other laterally

Question 56

golgi cells provide

Answer 56

inhibitory feedback to granule cells

Question 57

dendrites of purkinje cells occupy

Answer 57

the superficial layer of the cortex

Question 58

paralllel fibers excite the

Answer 58

dendrites of the purkinje cells and local inhibitory interneurons

Question 59

climbing fibers ascend to

Answer 59

synpase directly on the dendrites of the purkingje cells, spreading excitation in the rostrocaudal palne

Question 60

between the molecular and granule layers is

Answer 60

the purkinje layer occupied by large purkinje somata

Question 61

one excite purkinje cells transmit signals

Answer 61

down their axons which exit the cortical gray matter

Question 62

purkinje cells commonly release

Answer 62

GABA onto deep cerebellar nuclear cells.

Question 63

deep nuclear cells emit

Answer 63

cerebellar efferent axons

Question 64

fastigial efferents reach medail vestibular nuclei

Answer 64

to influence reflexive movements of the eyes, head and neck

Question 65

fastigial efferents reach lateral vestibular nuclei to

Answer 65

ipsilaterally influence movements of the limbs and trunk.

Question 66

fastigial efferents reach pontine and medullary reticular formations

Answer 66

influence a broad array fo muscles.

Question 67

efferents of the interpsoed nucleus communicates with

Answer 67

the contralateral red nucleus to infuence the output of the rubrospinal system.

Question 68

the dentate nucleus receives input from

Answer 68

the lateral cerebellar hemispheres and communicates with the contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus to influence the cortical motor systems.

Question 69

Cerebellar stroke

Answer 69

usualy the verteberal artery system -unilateral occlusive disease -Dysarthria -Dyssynergia(ipsilateral) -Dysmetria -Dysdiadokinesia -intention tremor(ipsilateral) -limb ataxia(ipsilateral) -rebound phenomenon(ipsilateral -truncal ataxia - brainstem signs not common because cerebellar arteries supply it

Question 70

Vitamin B1 deficiency linked to

Answer 70

degeneration of the anterior vermis and adjacent parts of the remaining anterior cerebellar lobe - cortical purkinje degeneration -reactive gliosis -dysmetria of legs and lurching gait -truncal ataxia and intention tremor -recovery can follow

Question 71

Louis-Bar syndrome

Answer 71

-degeneration of cerebellar purkinje cells and compromised immune function -delayed development in walking, talking facial and ocular movement - sensitivity to ionizing radiation -increased vulnerability to cancer -skin and eyes express dilated blood vessels

Question 72

cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome

Answer 72

lesions of posterior lobe -failures of cognitive and emotional systems -emotional blunting and depression, disinhibtion, psychotic features. -executive, viual-spatial, and linguistic deterioration - dysmetria of thought.

Question 73

Four motor centers that contribute to cerebellum input

Answer 73

primary motor cortex, reticulospinal tract, vestibulospinal stract, rubrospinal tract