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mpharm year 3 sem 1 > MP321 week 2 > Flashcards

MP321 week 2 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

where do drug molecules come from

A

bacteria, plants, fungi, animals, inorganic (lab)

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2
Q

why would you use a broth micro dilution assay

A

cheap, reproducible and robust giving accurate results

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3
Q

define cytotoxicity assay

A

assay test to measure the ability of cytotoxic compounds to cause cell damage or cell death

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4
Q

what do antibacterial drugs do

A

kill or inhibit the growth of microbes at low concentrations

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5
Q

what is B-lactam mode of action

A

stop bacterial cell wall being formed, because human (host) cells do not have cell walls it does not affect the host

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6
Q

do antibiotics kill or inhibit growth of bacteria

A

kill only

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7
Q

name one difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

A

gram negative have a much thinner cell wall than gram positive thus making them more vulnerable

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8
Q

explain how enzymes are used to make the bacterial cell wall more rigid

A

enzymes called transpeptidases or penicillin binding proteins link 2 strands of sugars together forming a bridge that is more rigid

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9
Q

what is called peptidoglycan

A

the bacterial cell wall, this is because it is made of peptides and sugars

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10
Q

name the 4 classes of B-lactams

A

penicillin
cephalosporin
carbapenem
monobactam

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11
Q

describe the structure of a penicillin type B-lactam

A

cyclic amide is fused to 5 membered ring with sulphur atom inside

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12
Q

describe the structure of a cephalosporin type B-lactam

A

cyclic amide is fused to a 6 membered ring with sulphur atom inside

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13
Q

describe the structure of a carbapenem type B-lactam

A

cyclic amide is fused to 5 membered ring with sulphur atom on the side (NOT inside ring)

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14
Q

describe the structure of a monobactam type B-lactam

A

there is no ring attached to the cyclic amide

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15
Q

how to spot if the B-lactam has lost antibacterial properties

A

if there is no longer the N, C double bond O square functional group

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16
Q

in which kind of medium are B-lactams the most degradable

A

acidic medium- ie stomach

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17
Q

why can some B-lactams not be administered orally

A

they are very degradable in acidic medium- ie stomach and so have lost their antibacterial properties by the time they reach the bloodstream

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18
Q

describe the mode of action of B-lactams

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis of bacteria

B-lactam mimic natural substrate for bacteria
when B-lactam bind to bacterial enzyme this is irreversible and so the bacteria cannot bind with real substrate

because the bacteria then do not have a rigid cell wall to protect them they go into cell lysis and die

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19
Q

why are B-lactams highly reactive

A

they have a cyclic amide which unlike normal amides are not planer therefore the movement of electrons make B-lactam unstable and very reactive

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20
Q

define narrow spectrum

A

these target a specific class of bacteria, normally only working on gram positive

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21
Q

define broad spectrum

A

normally work on both gram positive and gram negative but not always on antipseudomonal

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22
Q

what are antipsudomonal penicillins

A

antimicrobial agents, which are used to treat pseudomonal infections- gram negative

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23
Q

name one penicillin that does not work on gram negative bacteria

A

benzylpenicillin

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24
Q

how to bacteria try to protect themselves against B-lactams

A

produce a chemical called B-lactamase which inactivates B-lactams

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25
how do we try to combat B-lactams instability in acidic medium
attach an electronegative group to minimise neighbouring group attack on the B-lactam carbonyl
26
Which one is true? 1. Benzylpenicillin can be given orally 2. Amoxicillin and piperacillin are both effective against pseudomonas 3. Cefuroxime is B-lactamase resistant 4. Cefaclor cannot be taken orally
3
27
how is phenoxymethyl penicillin administered
orally
28
what is the most appropriate antibiotic to treat strep
phenoxymethyl penicillin
29
what kind of bacteria is flucloxacillin used to treat
gram positive
30
what kind of B-lactam must be administered with another antibiotic
B-lactamase inhibitors like tazobactam and clavulanic acid
31
name 2 antibiotic that work on gram positive and gram negative but not pseudomonas
amoxicillin and ampicillin
32
name 2 antibiotics that are active against pseudomonas
ticarcillin piperacillin
33
name 4 antibiotics active against gram positive
cefalexin cefradine cefadroxil cefaclor
34
what are cefotaxime, cefriaxone, cefixime and cefpodoxime all effective on
gram negative B-lactamase resistant
35
name 2 cephalosporins that can be given orally
cefalexin and cefaclor
36
name 4 parenteral administration routes
Subcutaneous (under the skin) Intramuscular (in a muscle) Intravenous (in a vein) Intrathecal (around the spinal cord)
37
which of the following is true 1- The peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria is thicker than the one in Gram-negative bacteria 2- Ticarcillin is a cephalosporin with antipseudomonal activity 3- Amoxicillin is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4- Flucloxacillin is degraded by beta-lactamases A beta-lactamase inhibitor can only be given parenterally
1
38
name the 4 main structural classes of antifungals
polyenes azoles echinocandins allylamines
39
name the main functional group in polyenes
alkene groups
40
name the main functional groups in imidazoles
ring with 2 nitrogens- called imidazole group this is basic (can accept hydrogen) the nitrogen that is attached to amide accepts hydrogen, the other nitrogen is making the ring aromatic
41
name the main functional group in triazoles
ring with 3 nitrogens (tri=3)
42
give one example of a polyene drug
nystatin
43
name an example of a imidazole drug
clotrimazole miconazole econazole ketoconazole
44
name an example of a triazole drug
fluconazole itraconazole
45
name a structural component of echinocandins
long lipophilic tail
46
name an example of an echinocandin
caspofungin
47
name an example an allylamine
terbinafine
48
describe the mechanism of action of polyenes
bind directly with ergosterol in the cell membrane causing leakage and cell death
49
describe the mechanism of action of azoles
competitively inhibits lanosterol (an enzyme involved in ergosterol biosynthesis
50
describe the mechanism of action of echinocandins
non competitively inhibit B-1,3-D-glucan biosynthesis in cell wall causing cell lysis and death
51
describe the mechanism of action of allylamines
inhibit squalene epoxidase required for ergosterol biosynthesis
52
describe the mechanism of action griseofulvin
binds to polymerised microtubules in nucleus and prevents mitosis
53
describe the mechanism of action of flucytosine
an antimetabolite which interferes with RNA and DNA synthesis in the cell nucleus causing cell death
54
where in the body is the imidazole ring sensitive to metabolism
the liver
55
structure governs what?
PK, PD, spectrum range, oral availability and preparation
56
what antibiotic would be most suitable for this case ? Mrs CP brings her 8 year old daughter into her GP’s surgery. The child has a high temperature and a sore throat. No cough or runny nose is present. Swabs taken from the tonsils and the roof of the mouth are sent for culture and sensitivity. Streptococcal pharyngitis is diagnosed.
phenoxymethyl penicillin
57
what antibiotic would be most suitable for this case Mrs AM has a high temperature and her knee is painful, red and swollen. A sample of knee aspirate is sent for culture and sensitivity testing. A diagnosis of septic arthritis is made and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated.
ceftazidime
58
what is the purpose of streaking on an agar plate
allows you to see distinct colonies
59
do capsules form on flagella?
bacteria normally have one or the other
60
what is mutants
a species of the genus streptococcus causing dental plaque
61
will gram positive bacterium show on Mackey agar
growth of gram positive bacteria is inhabited on this medium
62
what is a nosocomial pathogen
one that is encountered and causes infection in hospitals
63
are gram negative bacteria more harmful than gram positive
no just much harder to treat
64
is flucloxacillin stable in acidic medium
yes
65
will phenoxymethylpenicillin be degraded by B-lactamases
yes
66
is phenoxymethylpenicillin broad or narrow spectrum
narrow spectrum
67
is amoxicillin B-lacatmase resistant
no
68
what is a way to tell if an antibiotic is can be used orally
look for an electronegative group on the left side chain- this generally means it can be used orally
69
how does phenoxymethylpenicillin work if it is degraded by B-lactamase
if b-lactamase is present it it no longer active however it will work if the microbes do not produce B-lactamases
70
what is tazobactam
b-lactamase inhibitor
71
can tazobactam be given orally
only available for IV
72
would you use flucloxacillin on MRSA
no it doesn't work
73
what is a good choice for MRSA
vancomycin
74
does cefalexin work on pseuodomonas?
no
75
how to tell from the structure if an antibiotic is effective on gram negative
if it has a bulky side chain it will not work too big to get through the small porins
76
what is neighbouring group attack?
Neighbouring group attack is when the acyl side chain attacks the nearby b-lactam ring. The electrons in search of a positive centre (carbon of the carbonyl b-lactam) can come from the N (also from the O).
77
define algophobia
fear of pain
78
what percentage of working adults struggle to understand how to calculate a paracetamol dose for a child
43%
79
what do vaccines contain
a weakened or inactive antigen which can be live
80
name 3 common routes of administration for vaccines
injectable, oral or nasal
81
is active or passive immunity longer lasting?
active
82
name a medical procedure or treatment that means the patient must receive all childhood immunisations again
bone marrow transplant
83
name some pharmacy aspects of vaccination programmes
o Manufacturing o Procurement o Distribution o Logistics of endpoint supply (final mile delivery) o Storage o Legal mechanism of administration – POM but no prescription is written- PGD o Recording of administration and analysis of uptake o Incident reporting/ handling
84
what can pharmacists do about vaccine hesitancy
provide correct information cultural sensitivity incentive programmes (like requiring vaccine to travel or attend events)
85
name some factors which contribute to vaccine hesitancy
misinformation safety concerns fear of needles malpractice vaccine myths
86
what would you do if it was thought a vaccine had been left out of the fridge or not stored at the correct temperature?
quarantine vaccines find out how long they have been at the incorrect temperature contact SPC- they will clarify storage and handling requirements contact manufactures for further clarification
87
name some common childhood immunisations
6 in 1 MMR
88
who decides which vaccines go into programmes
JCVI (joint committee on vaccine and immunisation)
89
what is herd immunity
when the majority of a population is vaccinated it helps prevent the spread of a virus to those who are not vaccinated for whatever reason (too vulnerable, don't have access, allergic etc)
90
define teratogenesis
failure to develop limbs correctly, congenital malformations
91
name a drug that was used and what it was used for that caused teratogenesis
thalidomide, used for morning sickness
92
define what a medicinal product is
- any substance or combination of substances presented as having properties of preventing or treating disease in human beings - any substance or combination of substances that may be used or administered to human beings with a view to - restoring, correcting or modifying a physiological function by exerting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action or - making a medical diagnosis - things such as oxygen and testing strips are also medicinal products
93
POMs can only be supplied if:
- a person is lawfully conducting a retail pharmacy business - the product is sold, supplied or offered for sale or supply on premises that are a registered pharmacy and - if the transaction is carried out on behalf of the person by another person that other person is or acts under the supervision of a pharmacist
94
what does the general pharmaceutical council do
-registration and regulation of pharmacists and technicians -restricts titles to practising pharmacists and technicians -premises register/ inspection -educational accreditation -guidance
95
when may a pharmacist refuse supply
-when they reasonably believes the prescription is forged -where to supply would be contrary to the pharmacists clinical judgement -where the pharmacist or others on the premises are subject to or threatened with violence -where the person presenting the prescription commits or threatens to commit a criminal offence -where irregularities or deficiencies in a repeat dispensing service mean that a repeat supply is not appropriate
96
provision of pharmaceutical services- key points
- not allowed to accept Rx for dispensing that has been received by pharmacy not on pharmaceutical list - can only supply a NHS Rx from registered pharmacy included in pharmaceutical list - where details are missing from Rx (strength, dosage), pharmacist can supply medication considered most appropriate - if no quantity, give up to 5 days supply or minimum pack size
97
define HSCP
health and social care partnerships
98
name the three stages of production of antibiotics at GSK
fermentaion extraction isolation
99
name the four stages of fermentation of antibiotics at GSK
spore preparation seed fermentation product fermentation harvest
100
what is the ideal pH for fermenting antibiotics
6-7
101
name the five stages of extraction of antibiotics at GSK
ultrafiltration reverse osmosis resin forward extraction carbon
102
name the four stages of isolation of antibiotics at GSK
back extraction tBA salt isolation tBA salt converted to K salt of clav pre mix blend
103
define the enzymatic stage of antibiotic production at GSK
penicillin G is converted to 6-APA by enzymatic cleavage of the amide side chain

mpharm year 3 sem 1 (10 decks)

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