Biology Review > Mrs Panes > Flashcards

Mrs Panes Flashcards

(206 cards)

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1
Q

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

Cell

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4
Q

The semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell is known as:

A

Cell membrane

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5
Q

Ribosomes are the site of:

A

Protein synthesis

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6
Q

Which structure within the cell is primarily responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins?

A

Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Which type of cell junction allows the passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells?

A

Gap junctions

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8
Q

What is the primary function of peroxisomes in the cell?

A

Lipid metabolism and detoxification

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9
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase

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10
Q

Which component of the cytoskeleton is responsible for cell movement and shape changes?

A

Microfilaments

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11
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

A

Lipid synthesis

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12
Q

Which molecule is the primary energy carrier in cellular processes?

A

ATP

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13
Q

What process involves the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

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14
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

A

Helicase

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15
Q

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell’s equator?

A

Metaphase

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16
Q

What is the process by which genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA?

A

Transcription

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17
Q

The physical appearance of an organism is its:

A

Phenotype

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18
Q

What is the shape of the DNA molecule?

A

Double helix

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19
Q

Which of the following is a dominant trait?

a) Blue eyes
b) Brown eyes
c) Green eyes
d) Hazel eyes

A

Brown eyes

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20
Q

An organism with two identical alleles for a trait is said to be:

a) Heterozygous
b) Homozygous
c) Hemizygous
d) Monozygous

A

Homozygous

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21
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (AaBb x AaBb)?

A

9:3:3:1

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22
Q

In which genetic disorder is there a defect in the chloride ion channel, leading to mucus build-up in organs?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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23
Q

What is the process by which a single gene can produce multiple proteins through variations in RNA splicing?

A

Alternative splicing

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24
Q

In the lac operon of E. coli, what molecule acts as the inducer to initiate transcription?

A

Allolactose

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25
What type of inheritance pattern is exhibited when the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between both homozygotes?
Incomplete dominance
26
Which type of mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide that changes the reading frame of the genetic code?
Frameshift mutation
27
What is the primary function of the promoter region in a gene?
Initiating transcription
28
In which inheritance pattern do both alleles in a heterozygote contribute to the phenotype?
Codominance
29
What is the result of a nondisjunction event during meiosis?
Aneuploidy
30
Which scientist is known for formulating the laws of inheritance using pea plants?
Gregor Mendel
31
Who is known as the father of evolution?
Charles Darwin
32
Natural selection acts on:
Individuals
33
Which of the following is a vestigial structure in humans?
Appendix
34
The study of fossils is called:
Paleontology
35
Which kingdom includes multicellular, photosynthetic organisms?
Plantae
36
Which evolutionary process results in the adaptation of a population to its environment through differential survival and reproduction?
Natural selection
37
What is the term for structures in different species that are similar due to common ancestry?
Homologous structures
38
Which model of evolution suggests that species remain relatively unchanged for long periods, punctuated by brief periods of rapid change?
Punctuated equilibrium
39
Which concept explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells?
Endosymbiotic theory
40
Which mechanism can result in a significant reduction in genetic variation within a population?
Genetic drift
41
What term describes the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution?
Speciation
42
Which concept explains the similarity in function of wings in birds and insects, despite their different evolutionary origins?
Analogy
43
What type of selection favors individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range?
Disruptive selection
44
Which term describes the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages?
Convergent evolution
45
The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes conditions under which:
Population genetics remain stable
46
What is the primary goal of cladistics in the study of evolutionary biology?
To group organisms based on their evolutionary relationships
47
In a cladogram, what do the nodes (branch points) represent?
The common ancestor of the species on that branch
48
What is an outgroup in a cladistic analysis?
A species or group that is closely related but not part of the group being studied
49
What term describes a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants in a cladogram?
Monophyletic group
50
What is the term for traits that are similar due to convergent evolution rather than common ancestry?
Analogous traits
51
Which concept is essential for determining evolutionary relationships in cladistics?
Common ancestry
52
Which of the following best describes a homologous trait?
A trait that is similar due to shared ancestry
53
What term describes the role an organism plays in its environment?
Niche
54
Which of the following is a biotic factor in an ecosystem? - a) Water - b) Soil - c) Plants - d) Temperature
Plants
55
The primary consumers in a food chain are:
Herbivores
56
What is the main source of energy for life on Earth?
The sun
57
Which of the following processes returns carbon to the atmosphere?
Respiration
58
What are the four main types of organisms based on their feeding habits?
* Herbivores * Carnivores * Omnivores * Decomposers ## Footnote These categories classify organisms based on their diet.
59
What is the main source of energy for life on Earth?
The sun ## Footnote Solar energy is essential for photosynthesis and life processes.
60
Which process returns carbon to the atmosphere?
Respiration ## Footnote Respiration by organisms releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
61
Which type of population growth is characterized by a J-shaped curve?
Exponential growth ## Footnote This type of growth occurs when resources are unlimited.
62
In an ecological pyramid, which level contains the most energy?
Primary producers ## Footnote This level forms the base of the food chain and has the highest energy content.
63
Which type of ecological interaction benefits one species and harms the other?
Parasitism ## Footnote This interaction involves a parasite benefiting at the expense of the host.
64
What term describes a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem relative to its abundance?
Keystone species ## Footnote These species play a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community.
65
Which biogeochemical cycle involves the processes of nitrification and denitrification?
Nitrogen cycle ## Footnote This cycle is essential for converting nitrogen into forms usable by living organisms.
66
Which process involves the gradual accumulation of salt in soil, often as a result of irrigation?
Salinization ## Footnote This can lead to decreased agricultural productivity.
67
What is the primary source of energy for nearly all ecosystems?
Solar energy ## Footnote Solar energy drives photosynthesis, which supports most life forms.
68
Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by high mortality rates in early life stages?
Type III ## Footnote This curve is typical for species that produce many offspring with low survival rates.
69
In a food chain, which organisms are typically at the second trophic level?
Primary consumers ## Footnote These organisms primarily feed on primary producers.
70
What is the main cause of the greenhouse effect?
Emission of greenhouse gases ## Footnote These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to climate change.
71
What does it mean if a species is described as 'endemic'?
It is found only in one geographical location. ## Footnote Endemic species are unique to a specific habitat.
72
What is the binomial nomenclature system?
A system of naming organisms using two names: genus and species ## Footnote This standardized naming convention helps avoid confusion.
73
Who is credited with developing the system of binomial nomenclature?
Carl Linnaeus ## Footnote He is known as the father of modern taxonomy.
74
In the scientific name *Homo sapiens*, which part represents the genus?
Homo ## Footnote The genus is the first part of the scientific name.
75
In a scientific name, what does the term 'epithet' refer to?
The second part of the binomial nomenclature ## Footnote This specifies the species within the genus.
76
Which of the following is an example of a scientific name that is correctly formatted?
Canis lupus ## Footnote Scientific names are italicized with the genus capitalized and species lowercase.
77
What is the scientific name for the domestic cat?
Felis catus ## Footnote This name distinguishes it from other species in the Felis genus.
78
What is the purpose of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)?
To regulate the naming of fungi, algae, and plants ## Footnote This ensures consistency and clarity in naming these organisms.
79
Which of the following is an example of a scientific name that is not valid?
Gorilla gorilla gorilla ## Footnote Valid scientific names do not include multiple epithets unless in subspecies context.
80
Which of the following organisms has the scientific name *Agaricus bisporus*? a) Common mushroom - b) Blue whale - c) Honeybee - d) Domestic chicken
Common mushroom ## Footnote This mushroom is widely consumed and cultivated.
81
Which system of the body is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body?
Circulatory system ## Footnote This system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
82
The functional unit of the kidney is called:
Nephron ## Footnote Nephrons filter blood and produce urine.
83
Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary actions?
Cerebrum ## Footnote The cerebrum is involved in higher brain functions.
84
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen ## Footnote Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen.
85
The hormone insulin is produced by which organ?
Pancreas ## Footnote Insulin regulates blood sugar levels.
86
Which part of the brain regulates vital functions such as heart rate and breathing?
Medulla oblongata ## Footnote This structure is essential for autonomic functions.
87
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
Fighting infections ## Footnote The lymphatic system is crucial for immune responses.
88
In which part of the digestive system does most nutrient absorption occur?
Small intestine ## Footnote The small intestine has a large surface area for absorption.
89
Which hormone regulates blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells?
Insulin ## Footnote Insulin plays a key role in glucose metabolism.
90
What is the primary component of the human central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord ## Footnote These structures coordinate and process information.
91
Which part of the brain is involved in processing visual information?
Occipital lobe ## Footnote This lobe is located at the back of the brain.
92
What is the primary role of hemoglobin in the blood?
Transporting oxygen ## Footnote Hemoglobin is essential for oxygen delivery to tissues.
93
Which gland produces the hormone thyroxine?
Thyroid gland ## Footnote Thyroxine regulates metabolism.
94
What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acting as the heart's pacemaker ## Footnote The SA node initiates the heartbeat.
95
Which type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines and blood vessels?
Smooth muscle ## Footnote Smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated.
96
Which part of the plant is responsible for photosynthesis?
Leaf ## Footnote Leaves contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy.
97
What is the main purpose of a flower?
Reproduction ## Footnote Flowers facilitate the reproductive process in plants.
98
The movement of water from roots to leaves in plants is called:
Transpiration ## Footnote This process helps in nutrient transport and temperature regulation.
99
Which of the following is a macronutrient for plants?
Nitrogen ## Footnote Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development.
100
What is the primary function of xylem in plants?
Transport water ## Footnote Xylem carries water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.
101
What is the term for the symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots?
Mycorrhiza ## Footnote This association enhances nutrient uptake for plants.
102
Which plant hormone is responsible for regulating plant growth and development, including seed germination and stem elongation?
Gibberellin ## Footnote Gibberellins promote various growth processes in plants.
103
What is the main function of stomata in plant leaves?
Gas exchange ## Footnote Stomata allow for the intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen.
104
Which process involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower?
Pollination ## Footnote Pollination is a critical step in plant reproduction.
105
What is the role of the Casparian strip in plant roots?
Regulating water and nutrient uptake ## Footnote The Casparian strip prevents unregulated flow of substances.
106
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Absorbing light energy ## Footnote Chlorophyll captures light energy necessary for photosynthesis.
107
Which part of the plant is primarily responsible for water and nutrient uptake from the soil?
Roots ## Footnote Roots anchor the plant and absorb essential resources.
108
What is the function of xylem tissue in plants?
Transporting water and minerals ## Footnote Xylem is essential for maintaining plant hydration.
109
Which hormone promotes seed dormancy and helps plants withstand drought?
Abscisic acid ## Footnote This hormone is crucial for stress responses in plants.
110
What is the main difference between C3 and C4 photosynthesis?
Number of carbon atoms in the first product ## Footnote C4 photosynthesis is more efficient in certain conditions.
111
What process do plants primarily use to convert sunlight into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis ## Footnote This process transforms light energy into glucose.
112
Which part of the plant is primarily responsible for water and nutrient absorption?
Roots ## Footnote Roots play a vital role in sustaining plant life.
113
What pigment is responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll ## Footnote Chlorophyll is key to the photosynthetic process.
114
Which structure in plant cells is responsible for photosynthesis?
Chloroplast ## Footnote Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis occurs.
115
What type of plant is characterized by having seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary?
Gymnosperms ## Footnote Gymnosperms include conifers and produce naked seeds.
116
What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Photosynthesis ## Footnote Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs, converting light energy into chemical energy.
117
What type of plant is characterized by having seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary?
Gymnosperms ## Footnote Gymnosperms include plants like conifers, which bear seeds on cones.
118
What is the primary role of phloem in vascular plants?
To transport photosynthetic products from leaves to other parts ## Footnote Phloem is responsible for the distribution of sugars and nutrients throughout the plant.
119
In plants, what is the main function of the stomata?
To facilitate gas exchange ## Footnote Stomata are small openings on leaves that allow gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen to enter and exit.
120
Which of the following is a type of asexual reproduction in plants?
Budding ## Footnote Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent.
121
What is the term for the protective covering of seeds that helps prevent desiccation?
Seed coat ## Footnote The seed coat protects the seed from physical damage and dehydration.
122
Which plant hormone is responsible for promoting cell elongation and growth?
Auxin ## Footnote Auxins are key regulators of plant growth and development.
123
What is the primary purpose of flowers in angiosperms?
Reproduction ## Footnote Flowers are the reproductive structures of flowering plants, facilitating pollination and seed production.
124
Which plants are known for having a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi?
All of the above ## Footnote Ferns, mosses, and flowering plants can all form beneficial relationships with mycorrhizal fungi.
125
What is the main difference between monocots and dicots?
Number of cotyledons in the seed ## Footnote Monocots have one cotyledon, while dicots have two.
126
Which of the following plants is classified as a bryophyte?
Moss ## Footnote Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
127
In which part of the plant does photosynthesis mainly occur?
Leaves ## Footnote Leaves contain chlorophyll and are the primary site of photosynthesis.
128
What process allows plants to lose water vapor to the atmosphere?
Transpiration ## Footnote Transpiration is the process of water vapor loss from plant surfaces, primarily through stomata.
129
Which type of plant has vascular tissue but does not produce seeds?
Ferns ## Footnote Ferns reproduce via spores and have a vascular system for nutrient and water transport.
130
What is the term for the flowering phase of a plant's life cycle?
Anthesis ## Footnote Anthesis is the period during which a flower is fully open and functional.
131
Which part of the plant is responsible for the production of pollen?
Anther ## Footnote The anther is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen grains.
132
What type of leaves do plants in arid environments typically have?
Needle-like or small ## Footnote These adaptations help reduce water loss in dry conditions.
133
Which gas is primarily taken in by plants during photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide ## Footnote Carbon dioxide is used in the photosynthetic process to produce glucose and oxygen.
134
Which structure in the plant is primarily responsible for storing carbohydrates?
Roots ## Footnote Roots store energy in the form of starches and sugars.
135
What is the function of xylem in vascular plants?
Transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves ## Footnote Xylem is responsible for the upward movement of water and dissolved nutrients.
136
What is the term for the stage in the plant life cycle where the sporophyte and gametophyte generations alternate?
Alternation of generations ## Footnote This life cycle pattern is characteristic of all land plants.
137
Which type of plant reproduction involves the formation of seeds within an ovary?
Sexual reproduction ## Footnote Sexual reproduction in angiosperms involves flower structures and fertilization.
138
Bacteria are classified as:
Prokaryotes ## Footnote Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
139
Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses?
Contain genetic material ## Footnote Viruses are acellular and cannot reproduce independently; they require a host cell.
140
The process of killing or removing all microorganisms in a material or on an object is called:
Sterilization ## Footnote Sterilization is critical in medical and laboratory settings to prevent contamination.
141
The organism that causes malaria is a:
Protozoan ## Footnote Malaria is caused by Plasmodium species, which are transmitted by mosquitoes.
142
Which of the following is a beneficial use of bacteria?
All of the above ## Footnote Bacteria play roles in food production, decomposition, and other ecological processes.
143
What is the main component of bacterial cell walls?
Peptidoglycan ## Footnote Peptidoglycan provides structural support and protection to bacterial cells.
144
Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacterium?
Bacillus subtilis ## Footnote Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and retain the crystal violet stain.
145
Which viral life cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host cell's genome?
Lysogenic cycle ## Footnote In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA can remain dormant before becoming active.
146
What is the primary function of plasmids in bacteria?
Antibiotic resistance ## Footnote Plasmids often carry genes that confer resistance to antibiotics.
147
Which microorganism is used in the production of yogurt?
Lactobacillus bulgaricus ## Footnote Lactobacillus bulgaricus is a key bacterium in the fermentation of milk to make yogurt.
148
Which bacterium is responsible for causing tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ## Footnote This bacterium is known for its slow growth and ability to evade the immune system.
149
What is the primary function of ribosomes in bacterial cells?
Protein synthesis ## Footnote Ribosomes are the cellular machinery that translates mRNA into proteins.
150
Which structure allows bacteria to exchange genetic material during conjugation?
Pilus ## Footnote Pili are hair-like structures that facilitate the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells.
151
What is the primary role of antibiotics?
Kill or inhibit bacterial growth ## Footnote Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections by targeting specific bacterial functions.
152
Which type of virus uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA?
Retrovirus ## Footnote Retroviruses, such as HIV, reverse transcribe their RNA into DNA for integration into the host genome.
153
What structure protects bacteria from phagocytosis and desiccation?
Capsule ## Footnote Capsules can help bacteria evade the immune system and retain moisture.
154
Which microorganism is used in the production of bread, beer, and wine?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ## Footnote This yeast is essential for fermentation processes in baking and brewing.
155
What type of symbiotic relationship benefits one organism while the other is neither helped nor harmed?
Commensalism ## Footnote In commensalism, one species benefits while the other is unaffected.
156
Which organism is known for causing malaria in humans?
Plasmodium ## Footnote Plasmodium species are protozoan parasites that infect red blood cells.
157
What type of reproduction results in genetically identical offspring?
Asexual reproduction ## Footnote Asexual reproduction involves processes such as binary fission or budding.
158
In humans, fertilization typically occurs in the:
Fallopian tube ## Footnote The fallopian tubes are the sites where sperm and egg meet for fertilization.
159
What is the term for the developing human from fertilization until the end of the eighth week?
Embryo ## Footnote The embryo is the early stage of development before it becomes a fetus.
160
Which process involves the formation of gametes through meiosis?
Gametogenesis ## Footnote Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells undergo meiosis to form sperm and eggs.
161
During which stage of human development does the neural tube form?
Embryonic stage ## Footnote The embryonic stage is crucial for the development of the nervous system.
162
What is the term for the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function?
Differentiation ## Footnote Differentiation allows cells to develop into specific types with unique functions.
163
In humans, the presence of which hormone indicates pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) ## Footnote hCG is produced shortly after implantation and is detected in pregnancy tests.
164
What structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for the storage and maturation of sperm?
Epididymis ## Footnote The epididymis is a coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored.
165
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen ## Footnote Estrogen plays a key role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system.
166
Which of the following is a male reproductive organ?
Testis ## Footnote The testes are responsible for producing sperm and hormones like testosterone.
167
The process of inserting DNA from one organism into the DNA of another is known as:
Genetic engineering ## Footnote Genetic engineering allows for the modification of organisms for various purposes.
168
What is the main goal of the Human Genome Project?
To sequence all human DNA ## Footnote The Human Genome Project aimed to map the entire human genetic code.
169
Which technique is used to amplify small segments of DNA?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ## Footnote PCR is a widely used method for making multiple copies of a specific DNA segment.
170
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are created primarily for:
All of the above ## Footnote GMOs are developed for improved agricultural yield, medical research, and environmental applications.
171
What is the term for a small, circular piece of DNA often used in genetic engineering?
Plasmid ## Footnote Plasmids can carry genes of interest and are used in cloning and genetic modification.
172
Which technique separates DNA fragments based on their size?
Gel electrophoresis ## Footnote Gel electrophoresis is a method used to analyze and compare DNA samples.
173
What is the purpose of a restriction enzyme in genetic engineering?
To cut DNA at specific sequences ## Footnote Restriction enzymes are essential tools for manipulating DNA in research and biotechnology.
174
Which technology is used to edit genes directly within living organisms?
CRISPR-Cas9 ## Footnote CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary tool for precise gene editing and has many applications in medicine and agriculture.
175
What is the primary function of restriction enzymes?
To cut DNA at specific sequences ## Footnote Restriction enzymes are used in molecular biology for DNA manipulation.
176
Which technology is used to edit genes directly within living organisms?
CRISPR-Cas9 ## Footnote CRISPR-Cas9 is a groundbreaking gene-editing tool that allows for precise modifications.
177
In gene therapy, what is typically used to deliver a functional gene to a patient's cells?
Viruses ## Footnote Viruses can be engineered to carry therapeutic genes into human cells.
178
What is the process of creating an identical copy of an organism called?
Cloning ## Footnote Cloning can be accomplished through various techniques, including somatic cell nuclear transfer.
179
What term describes the variety of life in an area?
Biodiversity ## Footnote Biodiversity is critical for ecosystem stability and resilience.
180
An example of a mutualistic relationship is:
Bees pollinating flowers ## Footnote Mutualism benefits both species involved in the interaction.
181
Which cycle involves the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants?
Nitrogen cycle ## Footnote The nitrogen cycle includes processes like nitrogen fixation and nitrification.
182
The main producers in an ocean ecosystem are:
Algae ## Footnote Algae serve as the primary source of energy for marine food webs.
183
Which process do decomposers carry out to recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem?
Decomposition ## Footnote Decomposition is essential for nutrient cycling and ecosystem health.
184
Which type of succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as after a volcanic eruption?
Primary succession ## Footnote Primary succession occurs in lifeless areas where soil has not yet formed.
185
What is the term for the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support?
Carrying capacity ## Footnote Carrying capacity is influenced by resources, environmental conditions, and species interactions.
186
In a food web, what role do decomposers play?
Nutrient recyclers ## Footnote Decomposers break down dead organisms, returning nutrients to the soil.
187
What is a keystone species?
A species that has a large impact on its ecosystem ## Footnote Keystone species maintain the structure of an ecological community.
188
What phenomenon is described by the buildup of toxins in an organism as a result of eating contaminated food?
Bioaccumulation ## Footnote Bioaccumulation can lead to toxic effects in organisms and higher trophic levels.
189
Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtering blood plasma?
Glomerulus ## Footnote The glomerulus is a network of capillaries that filters blood in the kidney.
190
What type of immunity is provided by vaccines?
Active immunity ## Footnote Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce a response against pathogens.
191
Which hormone regulates the concentration of glucose in the blood?
Insulin ## Footnote Insulin helps lower blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose.
192
What is the main function of alveoli in the lungs?
Exchanging gases ## Footnote Alveoli are tiny air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.
193
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating heart rate and breathing?
Medulla oblongata ## Footnote The medulla oblongata is part of the brainstem that controls autonomic functions.
194
Which type of bond holds together the two strands of a DNA molecule?
Hydrogen bonds ## Footnote Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases stabilize the DNA double helix.
195
What is the primary function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
Decrease activation energy ## Footnote Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the energy barrier.
196
Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
Oxygen ## Footnote Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration and ATP production.
197
What type of macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?
Nucleic acids ## Footnote DNA and RNA are the two main types of nucleic acids involved in genetic information.
198
Which process converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding a net gain of two ATP molecules?
Glycolysis ## Footnote Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration occurring in the cytoplasm.
199
During which stage of embryonic development does the blastula form?
Cleavage ## Footnote Cleavage is characterized by rapid cell division without growth.
200
Which process involves the formation of the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm?
Gastrulation ## Footnote Gastrulation is critical for establishing the basic body plan of the organism.
201
What is the function of the notochord in early development?
Inducing the development of the central nervous system ## Footnote The notochord is a key structure in vertebrate embryonic development.
202
Which structure develops into the placenta during mammalian embryogenesis?
Chorion ## Footnote The chorion is involved in nutrient exchange between the mother and the developing fetus.
203
What term describes the programmed cell death that helps shape the developing organism?
Apoptosis ## Footnote Apoptosis is a crucial process for normal development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
204
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in the production of antibodies?
B cells ## Footnote B cells are a key component of the adaptive immune response.
205
What is the primary function of histamine in the immune response?
Promoting inflammation ## Footnote Histamine is released during allergic reactions and plays a role in immune defense.
206
Which organ is the site of T cell maturation?
Thymus ## Footnote The thymus is essential for the development of T lymphocytes in the immune system.

Biology Review (4 decks)

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