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MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Tropocollagen made up of…

A

Triple helices of polypeptides (2x alpha1 and 1x alpha2)

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2
Q

Type of collagen in bone

A

Type 1

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3
Q

What proteinases break down collagen?

A

Collagenases and cathepsin K (in bone)

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4
Q

Type I collagen found where?

A

Bone, tendon, ligaments, skin

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5
Q

Type II collagen found where?

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage

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6
Q

Type III collagen found where?

A

Alongside Type I in wound healing

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7
Q

Type IV collagen found where?

A

Basal lamina

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8
Q

Type V collagen found where?

A

Cell surfaces

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9
Q

Type X collagen found where?

A

Growth plate

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10
Q

6 skeleton functions

A
  1. Mineral storage
  2. Protection
  3. Movement – lever system
  4. Body shape
  5. Bone marrow
  6. Transmits weight
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11
Q

How many bones in appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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12
Q

How many bones in axial skeleton?

A

80

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13
Q

Long bones

A

Tubular shape, hollow shaft
Femur, phalanges, tibia, fibula

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14
Q

Short bones

A

Cuboidal in shape
carpals, tarsals

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15
Q

Flat bones

A

Plates of bone, often curved (protection)
skull, scapula

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16
Q

Irregular bones

A

Varying shapes
vertebrae, sacrum, scapula, coccyx

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17
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Ovular and within a tendon
Patella

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18
Q

3 types of fibrous joints (no/little movement)

A

Sutures (junctions between adjacent skull bones)
Gomphoses (peg and socket joints - teeth)
Syndesomes (connected by membranes - between radius and ulna)

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19
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Hyaline cartilage connects bones
Stretches to allow some movement
Pelvic symphysis

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20
Q

Synovial joints composition

A

Freely moveable
Joint capsule: outer = fibrous
Inner = synovial fluid

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21
Q

6 types of synovial joint

A

Hinge
Pivot
Plane
Ball and Socket
Condyloid
Saddle

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22
Q

Condyloid joint example

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

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23
Q

Saddle joint example

A

Carpometacarpal joint

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24
Q

Plane joint example

A

Carpal/tarsal joints

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25
Macro-composition on outside of bones
Cortical - dense, solid, only space for cells and blood vessels
26
Macro-composition on inside of bones
Trabecular - Network of bony struts (like sponge), many holes filled with bone marrow
27
Osteoclasts role
Secrete: -Acid to breakdown calcium hydroxyapatite -Collagenase to breakdown collagen
28
Bone matrix made from...
Calcium hydroxyapatite Collagen protein
29
4 types of bone cells
Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Bone lining cells
30
Interstitial bone growth
Growth form within
31
Appositional bone growth
Growth from outside
32
2 enzymes that form bonds between the triple helices of a tropocollagen molecule
Lysyl oxidase Pyridinolines
33
Type I collagen formation/structure
Synthesized by fibroblast, procollagen secreted and converted to collagen One collagen molecules consists of 2 alpha1 and 1 alpha2 polypeptide chains 2/3 of molecules consists of glycine, proline, hydroxyproline. Every 3rd aa glycine
34
Bone extracellular matrix
Collagen and elastin in gel containing proteoglycans Chondrocytes trapped in lacunae which maintain and repair
35
Bone lacunae
Small, spindle-shaped spaces Each containing an osteocyte that is left behind by osteoblasts during the process of remodelling
36
Osteoblast role
Building cells in the bone
37
Osteocyte role
Energy metabolism, phosphate metabolism
38
What inhibits and promotes release of PTH from the parathyroid glands?
Low serum Ca2+ promotes release of PTH High serum Ca2+ inhibits release of PTH
39
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Vit D from skin/diet first hydrolysed by liver by 25-hydroxylase to form calcidiol Further hydrolysis by 1-hydroxylase forms active vitamin D (calcitriol) PTH stimulates hydrolysis in kidney High calcitriol inhibits PTH release
40
Vitamin D effect in bone
Stimulates Ca2+ and phosphate resorption Stimulates osteoclast breakdown of bone in Ca2+ and phosphate
41
Where is calcitonin produced?
Parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid
42
Calcitonin release in response to...
High plasma concentration of Ca
43
Calcitonin action
Blocks PTH release Inhibits Ca2+ absorption in small intestine Stops Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys
44
A myocyte (muscle cell) is surrounded by...
Endomysium
45
What is a fascicle?
Multiple myocytes surrounded by perimysium
46
What is muscle proper?
Multiple fascicles surrounded by epimysium
47
Neurotransmitter in skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
Skeletal - ACh Smooth - ACh/NA Cardiac - ACh
48
3 types of muscle fibres
Type I - slow oxidative fibres Type IIa - oxidative fibres Type IIx - glycolytic fibres
49
Features of Type I muscle fibres
Fatigue - resistant Colour - red Metabolism - oxidative Glycogen content - low ATP synthesis - aerobic Mitochondria - high Muscles - soleus
50
Features of Type IIa muscle fibres
Fatigue - resistant Colour - red Metabolism - oxidative Glycogen content - abundant ATP synthesis - aerobic Mitochondria - higher Muscles - gastrocnemius
51
Features of Type IIx muscle fibres
Fatigue - fatigable Colour - white Metabolism - glycolytic Glycogen content - high ATP synthesis - anaerobic Mitochondria - fewer Muscles - biceps brachii
52
H bands in muscle myofibrils
Between small filaments
53
A bands in muscle myofibrils
Length of thick filament
54
I band in muscle myofibrils
Gap between thick filaments
55
At muscle contraction _ and _ bands disappear
H and I
56
Patellar tendon is...
A ligament
57
Tendons and ligaments composition
Dense connective tissues consisting of mainly parallel fibres (to enable tissue to sustain high tensile strains) 20% cells (fibroblasts) which synthesise ECM 80% ECM Sparsely vascularised (poor capacity for healing)
58
Structure of Tendons and Ligaments
Tropocollagen pack to form Microfibrils Microfibrils pack to form Subfibrils Subfibrils pack to form Fibrils Fibrils packs to form Fascicles Endotenon surrounds each Fascicle Fascicles packed together and surrounded by Epitenon
59
Major component of tendon and ligament is...
Collagen (mainly Type I, some Type III, small amounts of V, VI, IX) 90-95% of dry weight
60
Minor component of tendon and ligament
Proteoglycan Regulate fibre diameter during fibrillogenesis Aid in keep fibrils together Act as lubricant for collagen fibres gliding over each other 1-5% of dry weight
61
4 differences between ligaments and tendons
Their connections Lower collagen I content in ligaments Higher elastin content in ligaments Fibres organised more randomly in ligaments (highly organised in tendons)
62
2 types of insertion for ligaments into bone
Fibrous insertion Fibrocartilage insertion
63
FIbrous insertion
Formed through intermembranous ossification Calcified collagen fibres (Sharpey's fibres) into bone
64
Fibrocartilage insertion
Formed through endochondral ossification Gradual change from collagenous ligament -> fibrocartilage -> mineralised cartilage -> bone
65
Total serum calcium in body
2.4 mmol/L
66
Ionised serum calcium in body
1.1 mmol/L
67
Calcium functions (5)
Muscle contraction (Ca2+ efflux from SR) NT release (Ca2+ into synaptic terminal) Conduction system of heart Clotting cascade Bone integrity
68
Daily Ca intake
1000mg (most comes out in faeces)
69
Golgi Tendon Organ
Encapsulated sensory receptors proprioceptors activated by stretch or muscle contraction Located in tendons near junction with muscle
70
3 functional classifications of joints
Synarthroses - immovable joints, fibrous (skull sutures) Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints, cartilaginous (intervertebral discs) Diarthroses - freely moveable joints, synovial (hip)
71
3 structural classifications of joints
Fibrous - teeth sockets Cartilaginous - intervertebral discs Synovial - metacarpophalangeal
72
3 types of fibrous joints
Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses (peg-in-socket joint in teeth)
73
2 types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses - costal cartilage Symphyses - pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs (annulus fibrosus)
74
Articulating bones in a synovial joint are separated by...
A fluid-filled cavity
75
5 components of a synovial joint
Articular cartilage Joint capsule Joint (synovial) cavity Synovial fluid Reinforcing ligaments
76
3 types of cartilage in joints
Fibrocartilage Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage
77
What are menisci?
Discs of fibrocartilage
78
What are bursae?
Fluid-filled sacs lined by synovial membrane
79
Features of hyaline cartilage
Almost frictionless surface Resists compressive loads High water content Low cell content No blood supply
80
3 components of cartilage
Water Proteoglycans Collagen
81
How does the synovial membrane increase surface area?
Villi on surface
82
How is synovial fluid modified from plasma?
Synoviocytes on synovial membrane
83
1st class lever (joints)
Fulcrum in middle (elbow) Force at one end (triceps muscle) Resistance at other end (weight being pulled)
84
2nd class lever (joints)
Fulcrum at one end (temperomandibular joint) Force at other end (muscles of chin) Resistance in centre (muscles attached to coronoid process)
85
3rd class lever (joints)
Fulcrum at one end (elbow joint) Force in middle (biceps muscle) Resistance at other end (weight being pulled)
86
6 types of synovial joint
Ball-and-socket Condyloid Gliding Hinge Pivot Saddle

Medicine (14 decks)

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