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Medicine > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Tropocollagen made up of…

A

Triple helices of polypeptides (2x alpha1 and 1x alpha2)

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2
Q

Type of collagen in bone

A

Type 1

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3
Q

What proteinases break down collagen?

A

Collagenases and cathepsin K (in bone)

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4
Q

Type I collagen found where?

A

Bone, tendon, ligaments, skin

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5
Q

Type II collagen found where?

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage

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6
Q

Type III collagen found where?

A

Alongside Type I in wound healing

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7
Q

Type IV collagen found where?

A

Basal lamina

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8
Q

Type V collagen found where?

A

Cell surfaces

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9
Q

Type X collagen found where?

A

Growth plate

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10
Q

6 skeleton functions

A
  1. Mineral storage
  2. Protection
  3. Movement – lever system
  4. Body shape
  5. Bone marrow
  6. Transmits weight
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11
Q

How many bones in appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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12
Q

How many bones in axial skeleton?

A

80

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13
Q

Long bones

A

Tubular shape, hollow shaft
Femur, phalanges, tibia, fibula

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14
Q

Short bones

A

Cuboidal in shape
carpals, tarsals

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15
Q

Flat bones

A

Plates of bone, often curved (protection)
skull, scapula

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16
Q

Irregular bones

A

Varying shapes
vertebrae, sacrum, scapula, coccyx

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17
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Ovular and within a tendon
Patella

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18
Q

3 types of fibrous joints (no/little movement)

A

Sutures (junctions between adjacent skull bones)
Gomphoses (peg and socket joints - teeth)
Syndesomes (connected by membranes - between radius and ulna)

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19
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Hyaline cartilage connects bones
Stretches to allow some movement
Pelvic symphysis

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20
Q

Synovial joints composition

A

Freely moveable
Joint capsule: outer = fibrous
Inner = synovial fluid

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21
Q

6 types of synovial joint

A

Hinge
Pivot
Plane
Ball and Socket
Condyloid
Saddle

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22
Q

Condyloid joint example

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

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23
Q

Saddle joint example

A

Carpometacarpal joint

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24
Q

Plane joint example

A

Carpal/tarsal joints

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25
Q

Macro-composition on outside of bones

A

Cortical - dense, solid, only space for cells and blood vessels

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26
Q

Macro-composition on inside of bones

A

Trabecular - Network of bony struts (like sponge), many holes filled with bone marrow

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27
Q

Osteoclasts role

A

Secrete:
-Acid to breakdown calcium hydroxyapatite
-Collagenase to breakdown collagen

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28
Q

Bone matrix made from…

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite
Collagen protein

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29
Q

4 types of bone cells

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Bone lining cells

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30
Q

Interstitial bone growth

A

Growth form within

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31
Q

Appositional bone growth

A

Growth from outside

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32
Q

2 enzymes that form bonds between the triple helices of a tropocollagen molecule

A

Lysyl oxidase
Pyridinolines

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33
Q

Type I collagen formation/structure

A

Synthesized by fibroblast, procollagen secreted and converted to collagen

One collagen molecules consists of 2 alpha1 and 1 alpha2 polypeptide chains

2/3 of molecules consists of glycine, proline, hydroxyproline. Every 3rd aa glycine

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34
Q

Bone extracellular matrix

A

Collagen and elastin in gel containing proteoglycans
Chondrocytes trapped in lacunae which maintain and repair

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35
Q

Bone lacunae

A

Small, spindle-shaped spaces
Each containing an osteocyte that is left behind by osteoblasts during the process of remodelling

36
Q

Osteoblast role

A

Building cells in the bone

37
Q

Osteocyte role

A

Energy metabolism, phosphate metabolism

38
Q

What inhibits and promotes release of PTH from the parathyroid glands?

A

Low serum Ca2+ promotes release of PTH
High serum Ca2+ inhibits release of PTH

39
Q

Synthesis of Vitamin D

A

Vit D from skin/diet first hydrolysed by liver by 25-hydroxylase to form calcidiol

Further hydrolysis by 1-hydroxylase forms active vitamin D (calcitriol)

PTH stimulates hydrolysis in kidney

High calcitriol inhibits PTH release

40
Q

Vitamin D effect in bone

A

Stimulates Ca2+ and phosphate resorption

Stimulates osteoclast breakdown of bone in Ca2+ and phosphate

41
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid

42
Q

Calcitonin release in response to…

A

High plasma concentration of Ca

43
Q

Calcitonin action

A

Blocks PTH release

Inhibits Ca2+ absorption in small intestine

Stops Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys

44
Q

A myocyte (muscle cell) is surrounded by…

A

Endomysium

45
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Multiple myocytes surrounded by perimysium

46
Q

What is muscle proper?

A

Multiple fascicles surrounded by epimysium

47
Q

Neurotransmitter in skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle

A

Skeletal - ACh
Smooth - ACh/NA
Cardiac - ACh

48
Q

3 types of muscle fibres

A

Type I - slow oxidative fibres
Type IIa - oxidative fibres
Type IIx - glycolytic fibres

49
Q

Features of Type I muscle fibres

A

Fatigue - resistant
Colour - red
Metabolism - oxidative
Glycogen content - low
ATP synthesis - aerobic
Mitochondria - high
Muscles - soleus

50
Q

Features of Type IIa muscle fibres

A

Fatigue - resistant
Colour - red
Metabolism - oxidative
Glycogen content - abundant
ATP synthesis - aerobic
Mitochondria - higher
Muscles - gastrocnemius

51
Q

Features of Type IIx muscle fibres

A

Fatigue - fatigable
Colour - white
Metabolism - glycolytic
Glycogen content - high
ATP synthesis - anaerobic
Mitochondria - fewer
Muscles - biceps brachii

52
Q

H bands in muscle myofibrils

A

Between small filaments

53
Q

A bands in muscle myofibrils

A

Length of thick filament

54
Q

I band in muscle myofibrils

A

Gap between thick filaments

55
Q

At muscle contraction _ and _ bands disappear

A

H and I

56
Q

Patellar tendon is…

A

A ligament

57
Q

Tendons and ligaments composition

A

Dense connective tissues consisting of mainly parallel fibres (to enable tissue to sustain high tensile strains)

20% cells (fibroblasts) which synthesise ECM
80% ECM

Sparsely vascularised (poor capacity for healing)

58
Q

Structure of Tendons and Ligaments

A

Tropocollagen pack to form Microfibrils
Microfibrils pack to form Subfibrils
Subfibrils pack to form Fibrils
Fibrils packs to form Fascicles
Endotenon surrounds each Fascicle
Fascicles packed together and surrounded by Epitenon

59
Q

Major component of tendon and ligament is…

A

Collagen (mainly Type I, some Type III, small amounts of V, VI, IX)
90-95% of dry weight

60
Q

Minor component of tendon and ligament

A

Proteoglycan
Regulate fibre diameter during fibrillogenesis
Aid in keep fibrils together
Act as lubricant for collagen fibres gliding over each other
1-5% of dry weight

61
Q

4 differences between ligaments and tendons

A

Their connections
Lower collagen I content in ligaments
Higher elastin content in ligaments
Fibres organised more randomly in ligaments (highly organised in tendons)

62
Q

2 types of insertion for ligaments into bone

A

Fibrous insertion
Fibrocartilage insertion

63
Q

FIbrous insertion

A

Formed through intermembranous ossification
Calcified collagen fibres (Sharpey’s fibres) into bone

64
Q

Fibrocartilage insertion

A

Formed through endochondral ossification
Gradual change from collagenous ligament -> fibrocartilage -> mineralised cartilage -> bone

65
Q

Total serum calcium in body

A

2.4 mmol/L

66
Q

Ionised serum calcium in body

A

1.1 mmol/L

67
Q

Calcium functions (5)

A

Muscle contraction (Ca2+ efflux from SR)
NT release (Ca2+ into synaptic terminal)
Conduction system of heart
Clotting cascade
Bone integrity

68
Q

Daily Ca intake

A

1000mg (most comes out in faeces)

69
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A

Encapsulated sensory receptors proprioceptors activated by stretch or muscle contraction
Located in tendons near junction with muscle

70
Q

3 functional classifications of joints

A

Synarthroses - immovable joints, fibrous (skull sutures)

Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints, cartilaginous (intervertebral discs)

Diarthroses - freely moveable joints, synovial (hip)

71
Q

3 structural classifications of joints

A

Fibrous - teeth sockets
Cartilaginous - intervertebral discs
Synovial - metacarpophalangeal

72
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses (peg-in-socket joint in teeth)

73
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses - costal cartilage
Symphyses - pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs (annulus fibrosus)

74
Q

Articulating bones in a synovial joint are separated by…

A

A fluid-filled cavity

75
Q

5 components of a synovial joint

A

Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Joint (synovial) cavity
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments

76
Q

3 types of cartilage in joints

A

Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage

77
Q

What are menisci?

A

Discs of fibrocartilage

78
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs lined by synovial membrane

79
Q

Features of hyaline cartilage

A

Almost frictionless surface
Resists compressive loads
High water content
Low cell content
No blood supply

80
Q

3 components of cartilage

A

Water
Proteoglycans
Collagen

81
Q

How does the synovial membrane increase surface area?

A

Villi on surface

82
Q

How is synovial fluid modified from plasma?

A

Synoviocytes on synovial membrane

83
Q

1st class lever (joints)

A

Fulcrum in middle (elbow)
Force at one end (triceps muscle)
Resistance at other end (weight being pulled)

84
Q

2nd class lever (joints)

A

Fulcrum at one end (temperomandibular joint)
Force at other end (muscles of chin)
Resistance in centre (muscles attached to coronoid process)

85
Q

3rd class lever (joints)

A

Fulcrum at one end (elbow joint)
Force in middle (biceps muscle)
Resistance at other end (weight being pulled)

86
Q

6 types of synovial joint

A

Ball-and-socket
Condyloid
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle

Medicine (14 decks)

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