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Path EOY - Diseases > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

chrondrodysplasia

A

cattle and sheep

bulldog calves
spider lamb syndrome
scottish fold and american curl cats

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2
Q

bulldog calves

A

dexters and other miniature cattle breeds
mutations in ACAN gene

usually aborted between month 7 gestation
mutations not compatible with life
rotated short limbs
domed head
cleft palate
abdominal hernia
protruding mouth
lack of growth plates - tightly packed chondrocytes with no orderly arrangement

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3
Q

spider lamb syndrome

A

sheep
autosomal recessive

long limbs and neck
scoliosis
concave sternum
valgus deformity of forelimbs - knock knees
abnormal ossification centres in bone

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4
Q

scottish fold and american curl cats

A

autosomal dominant fold ears gene

irregular tarsal, carpal, metatarsal and metacarpal bones, phalanges and caudal vertebraw
defective endochondrial ossification

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5
Q

physeal dysplasia

A

cats - mostly overweight, male, large breeds

physeal dysplasia seen in all grown plates
femoral physeal fracture
head of femur avulsed

clusters of chondrocytes surrounded by abundant matrix

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6
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

gene mutation
marked hypermobility of joints - unable to stand
brittle bones
calcified cartilage spindles
little osteoclast resorption

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7
Q

nutritional osteodystrophies

A

rickets
fibrous osteodystophy
osteoporosis

osteopenia - increased bone radiolucency
first lactation dairy cows, horses on bran based diet, copper deficient farm animals, rapidly growing animals with deficient diets, malabsorption syndrom

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8
Q

rickets

A

vitamin d and phosphorus deficiency (in carnivores - too much phosphorus –> secondary hyperparthyroidism –> rickets)

defective endochondrial ossification
most prominent at sites of rapid growth
and costochrondral junctions of large middle ribs - firm raised nodules
persistance of hypertrophic chondrocytes

rachitic rosary - typical in humans -

in adult animals - osteomalacia - softening of bones, growth plates not involved

common in alpacas because not enough sun –> vitamin D deficiency

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9
Q

fibrous oestodystrophy

A

metabolic/nutritional

persistent elevation of parathyroid hormone

primary hyperparathyroidism - will show high calcium and high phosphorous
secondary hyperparathyroidism - calcium and phosphorus will be normal

secondary more common cause

key features -
renal disease or dietary imbalance
osteoclastic bone resorption
bone replaced by fibrosis
deposition of new woven bone

bilateral enlargement of bones in face

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10
Q

vitamin A toxicity

A

in cats fed liver

inhibited chondrocyte proliferation and reduced RNA and protein synthesis
destabilisation of lysosomal membrane
physeal lesions
osteoporosis

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11
Q

lead toxicity

A

impaired osteoclastic resorption
lead line - band of sclerosis on xray

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12
Q

bacterial osteomyelitis

A

hematogenous, local extension of implantation
hematogenous common - joint ill

staph aureus - can invade osteoblasts
trueperella pyogenes - vertebral osteomyelitis
e coli, salmonella

lumpy jaw
atrophic rhinitis

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13
Q

lumpy jaw

A

cow
mandibular osteomyelitits
honeycomb appearance, pockets of inflammatory tissue

actinomyces bovis

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14
Q

atrophic rhinitis

A

pigs
bacterial toxins - pasteurella multocida and bortedella bronchiseptica - work together to inhibit bone cell differentiation and activity - wonky nose

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15
Q

viral bone infection

A

canine distemper and BVD - infect osteoclasts

impaired osteoclastic resorption
growth retardation lattice - dense band at metaphysis (similar to lead toxicity) - band of firm sclerotic bone instead of being nice and spongy looking

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16
Q

avascular necrosis of femoral head

A

legg-calves-perthes disease
westies
genetic - autosomal recessive

ischemia to femoral head- delayed incorporation of vessels supplying femoral head, blood doesn’t get there

subchondral epiphyseal osteonecrosis

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17
Q

types of fracture

A

transverse
linear
oblique non displaced - diagonal but pieces not separated
sprial
greenstick - just one side
comminuted - messy, smashed up
salter harris fractures - through growth plate

avulsion fracture - trauma at sites where ligaments attach, get pulled away and tear off a fragment of bone

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18
Q

salter harris fracture types

A

1 - straight through
2 - through and part up metaphysis
3 - through and though epiphysis
4 - cross - through growth plate, metaphysis and epiphysis
5 - crush injury

if break through growth plate while still growing then that part of the leg can no longer grow properly

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19
Q

fracture healing process

A

inflammation
soft callus formation
hard callus formation
remodelling

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20
Q

primary skeletal tumours

A

benign - osteoma, chondroma, fibroma

malignant - osteosarcoma, chrondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma

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21
Q

osteosarcoma

Study These Flashcards
A

most common bone tumout in dogs and cats
usually long bones
aggressive, painful and quick to metastasise
grey-white appearance
large pale areas surrounded by haemorrhage
doesn’t invade joint space
sunburst on xray

22
Q

fibrosarcoma

Study These Flashcards
A

appendicular skeleton or soft tissue
less common than osteosarcome but 3rd most common tumour of cats
can be injection site associated
relatively common in mouth

23
Q

hypertrophic osteopathy (maries disease)

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A

secondary to thoracic pathology, bladder tumours and hyperadrenocorticism
progressive bilateral ner bone formation in distal limbs

bone growth on outside of long bones
if seen look for underlying disease

can be secondary to bladder tumours in dogs and stomach tumours in horses
don’t know why

24
Q

bone cysts

Study These Flashcards
A

common in horse

just cysts in bones, may have some blood in

25
lung digit syndrome
cats mammary, liver, lung and prostatic tumours metastasise to bone third phalanx - nail bed destruction
26
stains used to investigate muscle disease
massons trichrome - differentiates collagen from other tissues (blue) reticulin - stains reticular fibres - outlines individual muscle fibres PTAH - stains cross striations von kossa - stains carbohydrates and phosphates with calcium in mineralised fibres alizarin red - strains calcium in necrotic and mineralised fibres PAS - identifies glycogen and proteoglycans as well as protozoal cysts
27
process of muscle repair
destructive phase - satellite cells and macrophages migrate to site of injury - initial inflammation regeneration phase - satellite cells generate new muscle fibres remodelling phase - myoblasts mature new fibres
28
monophasic and polyphasic degeneration
monophasic - resulting from a single event polyphasic - different stages of repair present at the same time, ongoing injury
29
muscle atrophy pathogenesis
various - denervation disuse endocrine malnutrition congenital
30
sweeny
atrophy of supraspinatus or infraspinatus due to damage to suprascapular nerve horses
31
immune mediated myositis
dogs masticatory muscles - unique muscle type, bacterial infection can lead to misdirected antibodies against this type of fibre bilaterla wasting polyphasic muscle degeneration and necrosis usually underlying systemic disease - lupus, lymphoma, thymoma cats - FIV
32
wooden tongue
bacterial muscle disease - tongue cattle actinobacillus lignieresii
33
blackleg
bacterial muscle disease - legs sheep clostridium chauvoei necrosis and gas formation
34
white muscle disease
vitamin e/selenium deficiency
35
porcine stress syndrome
stress --> defective calcium channels --> pale soft exudative pork
36
capture myopathy
stress from capture causing muscular disease
37
exertional rhabdomyolysis
mild - increased CK/AST/LDH, myoglobin release, myoglobinuria severe - myoglobin toxic to renal cells --> renal failure
38
double muscling
congenital myostatin defect hyperplastic, hypertrophic muscles
39
congenital muscular dystrophy
defect in dystrophin X linked
40
splay leg
congenital muscle disease
41
hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
congential defect in sodium channel muscles horses
42
polysaccharide storage myopathy
defect in glycogen handling muscles
43
rhabdomyosarcomas
dog - rhabdomyoma - larync rhabdomyosarcoma - bladder pig and guinea pig - rhabdomyoma - heart
44
horse osteoarthritis
age related loss of articular cartilage abnormal bone proliferation synovial membrane dysfunction subchondral sclerosis commonly affecting hock, pastern, coffin, fetlock, knee and stifle joints accounts for up to 60% of equine lamness cause - either abnormal loading of normal cartilage or normal loading of abnormal cartilage or both
45
cartilage homeostasis
should be homeostasis between cartilage synthesis and degradation synthesis - dependent on growth factors, hyaluronic acid, tissue inhibitors of MMPs degradation - by cytokines, aggrecanases, MMPs (collagenases)
46
biomarkers of equine osteoarthritis
loss of articular cartilage (primary change) subchondral bone remodelling osteophytes bone marrow lesions changes in synovium changes in joint capsule changes in ligament changes in peri articular muscles meniscal tears and extrusion
47
pathogenesis of equine osteoarthritis
molecular changes to organisation of chondrocytes --> changes to ECM proliferative response - chondrocytes make more ECM rapidly (unusual for chondrocytes) catabolic factors released - break down of ECM - cartilage integrity lost chondrocyte apoptosis - lose cartilage OA signs
48
grading of equine OA
wear lines - vertical, deeper and further over worse erosions of cartilage - horizontal, thicker worse palmar arthroses - scored by deepness
49
equine osteoarthritis histo
chondrocyte necrosis - more orangey nuclei chondrocyte formation - more groups of chondrocytes clumped together fissuring or articular surface focal cell loss - less chondrocytes
50
equine OA biological factors
Wnt signalling - altered in OA, leads to stopping production of ECM complement - increased complement --> increased TNF and IL-B --> chondrocyte death and increase MMP production circadian rhythm - chronic disturbances associated with elevated risk/acceleration of OA
51
roarer's/laryngeal hemiplagia
horses denervation atrophy in the larynx right side normal - rounded, red-brown left - atrophied, smaller, pale due to unilateral nerve damage (denervation atrophy usually only one side) common in draught horses with the big collar on - damages laryngeal nerve

Path EOY - Diseases (11 decks)

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