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Path EOY - Diseases > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

cat host
zoonotic

discoloured cotyledons - strawberry looking necrosis

losses in late pregnancy, mummification, weak full term lambs

sheep and dogs mostly
dog diagnosis - serology

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2
Q

HPA axis

A

responsible for triggering parturition - oxytocin release

dysfunction -
adenohypophyseal hypoplasia - belgian blue cattle - not triggered
hyperthermia - fever - triggered too soon

important for neonate being born at right time (and right size/point in development)

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3
Q

SMEDI

A

porcine parvovirus

still birth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility

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4
Q

mummification causes

A

genetic
twinning in horses
virus - BVD, procine parvo, canine herpes
protozoal infections
placental insufficiences

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5
Q

emphysema

A

bubblewrap skin (Crepitus)
toxemia in dam

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6
Q

schmallenberg

A

misshapen limbs (orthogryposis)
necrosis in cerebellum
hydoencephaly

notifiable

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7
Q

stages of sexual development

A

chromosomal/genotypic sex -
XX or XY
XXY - kleinfelter like syndrome
X - turner like syndrome (monosomy X)

gonadal sex -
SRY - determines testes formation and important in sertoli cell differentiation

gonads form from paramesonephric duct

phenotypic sex -
appearance of repro tracts
driven by gonadal factors - testosterone and anti mullerian hormone –> regression of wolffian duct into male genitalia and accessory sex glands
anti mullerian - sertoli cells
testosterone - leydig cells

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8
Q

kleinfelter like syndrome

A

XXY
failure of testes to function properly
male tortoiseshell cats
usually sterile

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9
Q

monosomy x/turner like syndome

A

X only
physical and reproductive pathologies
short stature, micrognathia (small lower jaw) and skeletal abnormalities
phenotypically female but not oestrous cycle
underdeveloped repro tract and ovaries without follicles

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10
Q

paraovarian cysts

A

wolffian duct cyst
remnants of wollfian duct remaining when mullerian ducts develop
on mesosalpinx or broad ligament
mistaken for ovaries during palpation

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11
Q

true hermaphroditism

A

internal and external genitalia of both animals
most common in pigs but rare

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12
Q

pseudohermaphroditism

A

male more common

matching chromosome and gonad sex but mismatching external genitalia

XY, STY +ve
testicular tissue in abdominal cavity but external genitals look female

miniature schnauzers, basset hounds, persian cats

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13
Q

female pseudohermaphroditism

A

XX, SRY -ve
varying degrees of external male genitalia

administration of steroids to pregnant bitches in critical foetal development stages

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14
Q

freemartinism

A

female co-twin
sterile
varying degrees of female-to-male genitalia reversal
hypoplasia of tubular genitalia
short blind ended vagina, no cervix

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15
Q

ovarian dysgenesis or hypoplasia

A

most common
ovaries are small and lack follicular activity

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16
Q

ovarian cysts

A

paraovarian - horses

ovarian parenchyma cysts - avolulatory graafian follicles, cystic CL or subsurface epithelial structures

luteal and follicular cysts - anovulatory graafian follicles, only different degrees of lutenisation, may give persistent oestrous or nymphomania

cystic rete ovarii - guinea pigs, usually no signs but may get symmetrical alopecia, clitoral hypertrophy, nipple hyperkeratosis, behaviour change

cystic CL - may be pregnant

cystic subsurface epithelial structures - most common in

bitch, loads along surface, can lead to papillary hyperplasia or neoplasia

cystic overian disease in cattle - follicular and luteal, ovulation doesn’t happen so dominant follicle keeps growing - follicular then loads of oestrous, may produce oestrogens and androgens, luteal then anoestrous and may produce progesterones

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17
Q

ovarian tumours

A

surface and subsurface epithelial structures - adenomas/carcinomas

sex cord stromal - granulosa cells tumours (thecoma and luteoma

germ cell - dysgerminoma, teratoma

dog - epithelial most common - papillary cystadenoma - may stimulate procution of steroid hormone

horse - granulosa cell tumour common

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18
Q

endometrial hyperplasia

A

common in dogs
cystic

chronic hyperplasia –> accumulation of mucoid fluid –> mucometra and hydrometra

can be caused by exogenous progesterone sources
increased susceptibility to uterine infection - WBCs don’t swim
can be secondary to e coli

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19
Q

metritis

A

common in cow after parturition
polymicrobial, often clostridium spp

can lead to systemic toxemia signs

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20
Q

contagious equine metritis

A

horses
notifiable
stallions have no signs but can transmit
mares act as reservoir after recovery

endometritis, infertility, abortion

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21
Q

endometriosis

A

chronic, usually asymptomatic

if signs - pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, abnormal bleeding, infertility

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22
Q

uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma

A

rabbits
80% metastasise to lungs
histologically looks quite normal

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23
Q

leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma

A

smooth muscle tumour
most common female repro neoplasm
pale when cut into

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24
Q

uterine defences

A

epithelium
cervical barrier
conformation
smooth muscle contraction
drainage of secretions
neutrophils
macrophages
complement
cytokines
microbial recognition molecules
humoral and cellular immunity
local production of IgA
oestrogen - stimulates immune cells

25
udder immune defences
teat sphincter keratin plug milk fliushing lactoferrin - binds to iron so can't be used by bacteria lysozyme complement cytokines microbial recognition molecules macrophages NK cells Neutrophils don't do well in milk
26
mastitis
environmental (eg e coli) or obligate mammary (staph aureus, strep agalcae) pathogens severe necrotising/gangrenous - gram - ve bacteria endotoxins massive cytokine release --> necrosis --> increased vascular permeability suppurative - gram +ve pus - neutrophils summer mastitis granulomatous - contamination of teats cheesy looking looks like tb - tb leasions further up because systemic rather than ascending viral mastitis in goats - CAE retrovirus hard dry clay udder infected macrophages - pass in colostrum and milk absorber through GIT mucosa persists in cells passes through lymphatics to lungs, udder, synovium and choroid plexus
27
gynecomastia
breast tissue in males oestrogen produced tumour or adrenal disease
28
mammary cancers in cats and dogs
cat - rare, malignant, can reach skin and ulcerate (mammary carcinoma) dog - common, benign
29
brucella abortus
Zoonotic causes abortion, emdometritis, purulent discharge orchitis and epididymitis in bulls asymptomatic in non-pregnant females but can still transmit thickening between cotyledons diagnosis - culture on aborted fetal material, PCR or serology on milk cull whole herd
30
chlamydia abortus
enzootic abortion inflamed red placenta, custard like exudate late pregnancy abortion, weak lambs at term has to be in the first 6 weeks of pregnancy that the ewe gets it to affect that pregnancy, if later will affect the next years lambs
31
campylobaceriosis
small pale necrotic cotyledons multifocal hepatitis early embyronic death, abortion spread by natural service
32
listeria monocytogenes
bacterial cause of abortion usually autolysed fetus, late pregnancy abortion
33
salmonella dublin
abortion, enteritis, penumonia, septicemia, joint ill, encephalitis, gangrene of extremities spread through feces dogs and cats as well as ruminant ZN stain
34
coxiella burnetti
ruminants and cats causes abortion but can be asymptomatic spread by handling or being blown by breeze
35
leptospirosis
kidney lesions passed in urine abortion, stillbirth, perinatal mortality, infertility, flabby bag (milk drop syndrome) ruminants and dogs
36
herpes virus in dogs
abortion or death of puppies right after birth - puppies infected during birth latent infection puppy temperature lower so better for virus to thrive necrosis in liver and kidneys viral inclusion bodies live in endothelial cells
37
brucella canis
zoonotic increasing through import of dogs transmitted through maring and to puppies in utero or in milk aborted material very infectious long shedding time bronchopneumonia in aborted foestuses
38
feline panleukopenia
39
equine herpes virus
1 & 4 1 - clear yellow liquid in thorax and pericardium jaundice thymic necrosis hepatic necrosis and intranuclear inclusion bodies pulmonary consolidation abortion and neonatal death 4- excess body fluids few lung or liver lesions sample spleen for virus isolation lesions secondary to hypoxia foal might live
40
ascending placentitis
bacterial (most common) - ascend from cervix - discoloured chorion, thickened with exudate on surface fungal - leathery appearance, more chronic
41
inclusion cysts of testes
incidental found at epididymal head
42
segmental aplasia of mesonephric duct
male mesonephric duct doesn't develop properly usually will still produce sperm will eventually atrophy can cause sperm granulomas in interstitial tissue
43
hyposapdia
improper closure of urogenital groove equivalent of vaginal orifice in females urine drips through hole
44
cryptorchidism
common heritable intra-abdominal or inguinal more prone to sertoli cell tumours
45
testicular neoplasias
interstitial/leydig cell tumours - produce tesosterone sertoli cell tumours - produce oestrogen
46
scrotal neoplasias
vascular hematoma and hemangiona and hemangiosarcoma melanoma mast cell tumour white, bulge when cut, irregular, lobulated, firm, distorted testicle (same with testicular)
47
sertoli cell tumour paraneoplastic syndrome
hyperoestrogenism feminisation - reduced libido, testicular and penile atrophy, anemia, alopecia, perineal hernia, gyecomastia, symmetrical alopecia, metaplasia or prostate depression of bone marrow --> secondary infection common
48
causes of orchitis - cattle and sheep
sheep - brucella ovis sheep/goat pox pseudotuberculosis e coli cattle - brucella abortus mycobacterium bovis mycobacterium tuberculosis e coli
49
prostatitis
ascending usually e coli can lead to sepsis and abscess if severe
50
benign prostatic hyperplasia
most common prostate disroder in in tact males increased testosterone hyperplasia palpable per rectum causes hematuria and preputial discharge resolves after neutering
51
prostate metaplasia
metaplasia of epithelial lining of prostate due to damage - changes to be more protective in squamous epithelium metaplasia may occur to protect from excess oestrogen - eg from a sertoli cell tumour
52
prostate neoplasia
epithelial urothelial cell carcinoma - transitional epithelium - most common prostatic adenocarcinoma - from glandular parenchyma
53
pizzle rot
corynebacterium renale inflammation and necrosis of prepuce (sheep)
54
bovine herpes virus 1
phaloposthitis (inflammation of penis and prepuce in bulls) pustular vulvovaginitis and abortion in cow respiratory disease in calf necrotising laryngotracheitis
55
papillomas
warts on penis common in horse and cattle caused by papiloma virus can progress to squamous cell carcinoma in horses
56
melanoma
grey horses on mucous membranes - around anus and on penis
57
neospora
58
ovarian tumours
surface and surface epithelial structures - adenomas or adenocarcinomas - most common in dog sex cord stromal tumours (granulosa cell tumours) - thecoma and luteoma - common in horse germ cell tumours - dysgerminoma, teratoma
59
Equine Viral Arteritis
notifiable spread in semen or contact with placenta or placental fluids abortion, respiratory, carrier status interstitial pneumonia and death in young foals diagnosis - PCR no treatment available

Path EOY - Diseases (11 decks)

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