MSK

Question 1

6 main functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

Support
Protection of internal organs
Assistance in movement
Metabolic - calcium and phosphorus
Blood cell production - haemopoiesis
Triglyceride storage

Question 2

Outline bone development

Answer 2

Osteogenic cell develops into an osteoblast
Osteoblast forms in bone matrix
Osteocyte maintains bone tissue
Osteoclast reabsorbs and breaks down bone matrix

Question 3

What are the two types of bone and what are their functions

Answer 3

Compact bone - protection and support e.g. slim long part of humerus
Spongey bone - lightweight and provides tissue support e.g. humerus head

Question 4

What are the types and functions of 3 muscle types

Answer 4

Skeletal muscle uses voluntary control to move bones
Cardiac muscle uses involuntary control to pump blood
Visceral muscle uses involuntary muscle for tissue function e.g. arterioles or GI tract

Question 5

Tendon function

Answer 5

Transmits muscle forces to bone joints

Question 6

Ligament function

Answer 6

Supports bone-bone

Question 7

Fascia function

Answer 7

Sheets of connective tissue that compartmentalises organs, muscle, and bone

Question 8

Cartilage function

Answer 8

Decreases friction
Articular = bone to bone
Fibrocartilage = transition between cartilage and connective tissue

Question 9

Synovial membrane function

Answer 9

Secreted synovial fluid for joint lubrication

Question 10

How can anatomical variation be compared between species

Answer 10

Plasticity within an individual or a species
Idiosyncratic features

Question 11

How can individuals within a species be compared

Answer 11

Size and proportion
Sexual dimorphism
Disease and illness
Genetic variaiton

Question 12

How can MSK variation be compared

Answer 12

Presence or absence of muscle or bones
Shape of muscles and bones
Origin and insertion points of muscles
Size of muscles and bones
Proportion of muscle fiber types

Question 13

What are the types of muscle fibers and their functions

Answer 13

Slow twitch (type 1): sustained contraction without fatigue. Posture or sustained locomotion e.g. walking. Uses aerobic metabolism.
Fast twitch (2A): Fast and sustained contraction. Fatigues quickly. Aerobic metabolism.
Fast twitch (2B): Fast and sustained contraction. Fatigues quickly. Uses glycolysis.
Fast twitch (2x): Fast and sustained contraction. Fatigues quickly. Uses glycolysis

Question 14

How does muscle fiber distribution vary

Answer 14

Plastic system - can change proportion and types