What are the contents of the axilla?
AAABBC
Axillary artery
Axillary vein
Axillary lymph nodes
Brachial plexus
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
What would be the consequence of a fracture of the humerus at the:
a) surgical neck
b) mid shaft
c) Distal end
a) Damage to arterial circumflex and necrosis. Damage to axillary nerve
b) Danage to brachial artery, radial nerve, and wrist drop
c ) Damage to ulnar nerve
What would occur in damage to the long thoracic nerve?
Winged scapula due to loss of tonic contraction of serratus anterior
What is a clinical sign of a scaphoid fracture?
Tenderness of anatomical snuffbox
What is a colles' fracture?
Falling on outstretched hands
Distal fragment displaced posteriorly, dinner fork appearance
What is a smiths fracture?
Falling on flexed wrists
Distal fragment displaced anteriorly, spade appearance
Draw the brachial plexus
What are the nerve roots of the:
a) median nerve
b) musculocutaneous
c) Ulnar
d) Radial
e) Axillary
a) C6 - 6 letters in median
b and c) Musculocutaneous and ulnar is all possibilities there musc = c5 - c7, ulnar = C8-T1
d) Radial = C5 - T1
e) Axillary = C5-6
What happens in injury to the upper brachial plexus and lower brachial plexus>? Where would you test for paralysis.
Upper - erb's palsy. Waiter tip appearance. Lateral side of arm paralysis
Lower - Klumpke's palsy. Paralysis of small muscles of hand. Medial side of arm paralysis
What would happen if the median nerve was damaged:
a) at the elbow
b) at the wrist
a) unable to flex first 3 digits. forearm supinated and weak flexion. Hand of benediction
b) unable to flex first 3 digits. Hand of benediciton
State the borders of the cubital fossa and what it contains.
Medial - Pronator teres
Lateral - Brachioradialis
Superior - Imaginary line between epicondyles
Really Need Beer To Be At My Nicest
Radial Nerve
Biceps Tendon
Brachial Artery
Median Nerve
What is student's elbow?
Inflammation of the subcutaneous olecranon bursa
Name the bones of the wrist
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cant Handle
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquitrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
What is tennis elbow and golf elbow?
Tennis elbow - Lateral epicondylitis
Golf elbow - Medial epicondylitis
Name the posterior muscles of the forearm and actions
Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor Pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor indices - index finger
Supinator
Brachioradialis - flexes elbow
Anconeus
3 x 3 + 3:
3 wrist muscles
3 thumb muscles
3 finger muscles
+ 3 misc muscles - anconeus, supinator, brachioradialis
Name the muscles of the anterior forearm and their innervation
Median innervation:
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator Quadratus
FDS
Half of FDP
Ulnar innervation:
Half of FDP
Flexor carpi ulnaris
What is a dupuytrens contracture?
Shortening and thickening of palmar fascia
What does the carpal tunnel contain?
Median nerve
9 tendons - 4 FDP, 4 FDS, 1 flexor pollicis longus
Give 4 possible causes of carpal tunnel syndrome
MEDIAN TRAP
Myxoedema
edema premenstrually
Diabetes
Idiopathic
Acromegaly
Neoplasm
Trauma
Rheumatoid arthritis
Amyloidosis
Pregnancy
State the thenar muscles of the hand. What nerve innervates them?
All Fridges Operate Annually
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis brevis
All median except adductor pollicis brevis which is ulnar
State the hypothenar muscles of the hand and their innervation
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor difiti minimi brevis
Opoonens digiti minimi
Ulnar innervations
What is the action of the lumbricals and what innervates them?
Lumbricals flex at MCP joint and extend at IP joint (bye bye muscles)
Lumbricals 1 and 2 - Median
Lumbricals 3 and 4 - Ulnar
What is the function of the palmar and dorsal Interossei muscles and what innervates them?
PAD DAB
Palmar - ADducts at MCP
Dorsal - ABducts at MCP
Both innervated by ulnar
Name the bones of the foot
Tiger Cubs Need MILC
Talus
Calcaneous
Navicular
Medial intermediate lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
What is the differene between an intracapsular and extracapsular fracture of the femur?
Intracapsular - Femoral circumflex artery damaged
Name the muscles of the anterior thigh and their innervations and their actions
Psoas major
Iliacus (iliopsoas)
Recuts femoris
Vastus medialis, intermedius and lateralis
Sartorius - ABducts and lateral rotator of hip
Pectineus - ADducts at hip
All innervated by femoral nerve
Name the muscles of the medial thigh and their innervations
Adductor magnus, longus, brevis
Obturator externus
Gracialis
Innervations are all Obturator Nerve
Name the muscles of the posterior thigh and their innervations
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus - medial
Semimembranosus - lateral
Innervated by Sciatic Nerve
Name the borders of the femoral triangle
Superior - inguinal ligament
Medial - Adductor longus
Lateral - Sartorius
What are the contents of the femoral canal?
NAVEL / NAVY
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Y fronts
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Empty Space (femoral canal)
Lymph vessels
Explain the arterial blood supply of the lower limb up to the knee
Abdominal Aorta --> common iliac
Common iliac splits into external and interal iliac
- External iliac --> femoral artery. Femoral artery goes through adductor hiatus and to the back of the knee and becomes popliteal artery
- Internal iliac --> gluteal arteries and obturator arteries. Obturator supples medial thigh.
What is the nerve roots of the:
a) femoral nerve
b) obturator nerve
c) Sciatic nerve
a) L2 - L4
b) L2 - L4
c) L5 - S2
What happens to the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa?
Splits into tibial and common fibular
What is intermittent claudication?
Atherosclerosis of the lower limb arteries. Pain on exercise;
What are the superficial gluteal muscles and their actions and innervation?
Gluteus maximus - infeior gluteal nerve - extensor of hip
Gluteus medius - superior gluteal nerve - abducts and medially rotates
Gluteus minimis - same as medius
What are the deep gluteal muscles and their actions?
Pretty Girls Often Grow Old Quickly
Piriformis
Gemelli superior
Obturator internus
Gemlli inferior
Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris
All laterally rotate and abduct
What happens in damage to the superior gluteal nerve? how would you test?
trendelenburgs test
Hip drop on opposite side of damage
What are the 3 ligaments of the hip joint?
Pubofemoral
Iliofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Name the vertebral column bones and the number in them
Celibate Teachers Lack Sexual Charisma
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4
what are the 2 components of an IV disc? What happens in a slipped disc?
Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus
In slipped disc - nucleus herniates through annulus fibrosus
What is C1 and C2 called? what distinguishing features do they have?
C1 - Atlas. Lacks spinous process
C2 - Axis. Large spinous process.
How would you distinguish between the vertebrae?
Cervical - oval foramen
Thoracic - Circular foramen
Lumbar - Triangular foramen
What are the ligaments of the knee?
Lateral and medial collateral
Anterior and posterior cruciate
Patellar ligament
How is blood supplied to the knee?
Via genicular arteries from the femoral artery
What is a housemaid's kne and a clergyman's knee?
Housemaids - Inflammation of prepatellar bursa
Clergymans - Inflammation of infrapatella bursa
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
Superiormedial - semimembranosus
Superiorlateral - Biceps femoris
Inferior - heads of biceps femoris
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery, vein,
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Medial to lateral VANN
What is a popliteal cyst?
Inflammation of the semimembranosus bursa
What are the lateral muscles of the leg and their innervation?
Fibularis longus and brevis - superficial fibular
What are the muscles of the anterior leg and their innervation?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
All deep fibular nerve
What are the muscles of the posterior leg and their innervations and actions?
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
All above involved in plantarflexion
Popliteus - laterally rotats femur
Tibialis posterior - inversion and plantarflexion
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
All innervated by tibial nerve
What is the order of the structures passing the medial malleolus?
Tom Dick And Nervous Harry
Tibialis posterior
Digitorum longus
Artery tibial
Nerve tibial
Hallucis longus
Why might foot drop occur if head of fibula damaged?
Fibular nerve wraps around head of fibula.
What are the features of OA on an xray? name 4
Bone cysts, sclerosis, loss of joint space, osteophytes
How would you treat Osteoporosis?
bisphosphonates to inhibit osteoclast activity
What is a potts fracture?
Bimalleolar fracture
