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MT 1 random Flashcards

1
Q

Coccidiosis based on location in intestines

A 
Duodenum: 
-E.acervulina (chicken)
-E.intestinalis, E.magna, E.irresidua (rabbit)
-(+ I.felis, I.rivolta, I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi)
Jejunum: 
-E.acervulina, E.brunetti, E.necatrix, E.maxima
-(+ E.anseris, E.nocens - geese)
-E.intestinalis, E.magna, E.irresidua
-(+ I.suis, I.felis, I.rivolta, I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi)
Ileum: 
-E.brunetti, E.necatrix
-(+ E.anseris, E.nocens)
-E.intestinalis, E.magna, E.irresidua 
-E.bovis, E.zuernii (cattle)
-(+ I.suis, I.felis, I.rivolta, I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi)
Caecum: 
-E.brunetti, E.tenella
-E.flavescens, E.piriformis (rabbit)
-E.bovis, E.zuernii
Colon: 
-E.brunetti
-E.bovis, E.zuernii
Rectum: 
-E.brunetti
Cloaca:
-E.brunetti
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2
Q

Intestines - how to know which part?

A
  • Duodenum: can see the pancreas
  • Villi: only in lumen of small intestines
  • Birds: have 2x caecum
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3
Q

Coccidiosis species

A
  • Chicken: E.tenella, E.necatrix, E.brunetti, E.maxima, E.acervulina, E.mitis, E.praecox
  • Geese: Int. form: E.anseris, E.nocens or renal form: E.truncata
  • Cattle: E.bovis, E.zuernii
  • Rabbit: Biliary form - E.stiedai or Int. form - E.intestinalis, E.magna, E.irresidua, E.flavescens, E.piriformis
  • Pig: I.suis
  • Cats: I.felis, I.rivolta
  • Dog: I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi
  • Sheep: E.bakuensis
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4
Q

Parasites found with flotation method

A
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Coccidiosis of chicken - Eimeria
  • Coccidiosis of geese - Eimeria (int. and renal form)
  • Coccidiosis of cattle - Eimeria (not enough)
  • Coccidiosis of rabbit - Eimeria (biliary and int. form) (not enough)
  • Coccidiosis of pig - Eimeria and Isospora suis
  • Coccidiosis of Ca - Isospora
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Toxoplasma gondii (cat faeces only)
  • Sarcocystiosis - intestinal sarcosporidiosis
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5
Q

Parasites found with feacal smear

A
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Coccidiosis of pig - Eimeria and Isospora suis
  • Cryptosporidium
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6
Q

Oocytes characteristics of different parasites

A
  • Coccidiosis - Eimeria: can be sporulated or unsporulated. Sporulated oocyte contain 4 sporocysts each with 2 banana-shaped sporozoites. Has a polar cap. Unsporulated contains a zygote within the shell.
  • Coccidiosis - Isospora: sporulated oocyst contains 2 sporocyst with four sporozoites each (Ø cap)
  • I.suis: spherical
  • I.felis: oval
  • Cryptosporidium: spherical/elliptical w. obscure internal structure (four sporozoites) (Kinyoun staining)
  • Toxoplasma gondii: sporulated oocysts contains 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each (Ø cap - sim. to Isospora) - indistinguishable from Hammondia Hammondi.
  • Sarcocystiosis: sporulated oocysts contains two sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each
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7
Q

Necessary for sporulation

A
  • Temp.
  • O2
  • Water
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8
Q

Staining types and parasites their used for

A
  • Giemsa: pink/purple/blue (Trypanosomas, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichomonas, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, Theileria)
  • Kinyon: blue - parasites are red/white (Cryptosporidium,
  • PAS: pink/purple/blue (Histomonas, Encephalitozoa)
  • Zeehle-Neelsen: blue - parasites pink/purple (Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoa)
  • Safranin-methylene: safranin - red, MB - blue (Cryptosporidium)
  • Gram: pink/purple/blue (Histomonas: G-, Encephalitozoa: G+)
  • HE stain: pink/purple/blue (Sarcocystiosis)
  • Lugol: yellow/brown (Giardia, Entamoeba)
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9
Q

Parasites found in kidney

A
  • Histomonas: necrotic lesions
  • Coccidiosis of geese - Eimeria truncata: enlarged and cut surface with greyish-white foci
  • Cryptosporidiosis in birds: rarely histological changes
  • Sarcocystiosis: necrotic lesions, groups of merozoites or small schizonts in smears
  • Babesiosis: degeneration
  • Encephalitozoon: 2-4 mm large greyish dents on the surface (rabbits and dogs)
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10
Q

Parasites found in blood

A

-Trypanosoma dourine (peripheral blood sample/motility/microscopic exam. bw. BC and P/smear w. Giemsa)
-Trypanosoma nagana (peripheral blood sample/motility/microscopic exam. bw. BC and P)
-Trypanosoma surra (smear w. Giemsa)
-Hepatozoon canis (elliptic gamonts in neutrophilic granulocytes/monocytes)
-Babesiosis (piroplasms in RBC´s - Giemsa, red nucleus,
blue cytoplasm)
-Theileria (merozoites in RBC´s - Giemsa)

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11
Q

Parasites found in liver

A
  • Leishmania: enlarged, biopsy
  • Trichomonas of birds: necrotic lesions in hepatic and generalized forms
  • Histomonas: deep, circular, crateriform necrotic foci (0.5-2.0 cm) w. sharp edges, dry cut surface, generalized form in guinea fowl: wet cut surface of liver
  • Coccidiosis of rabbit - Eimeria stiedai (biliary form): hepatomegaly, greyish yellow nodules
  • Hepatozoon canis: inflammatory infiltrates, necroses
  • Toxoplasmosis: necrotic foci and granulomas (rabbits)
  • Sarcocystiosis: necrotic lesions
  • Babesiosis: degeneration
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12
Q

Parasites found in intestines

A
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Histomonas meleagridis (ceacum)
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Coccidiosis of chicken - Eimeria
  • Coccidiosis of geese - Eimeria
  • Coccidiosis of cattle - Eimeria
  • Coccidiosis of pig - Eimeria and Isospora suis
  • Coccidiosis of Ca - Isospora
  • Cryptosporidium of mammals+birds
  • Sarcocystiosis - intestinal sarcosporidiosis
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13
Q

Parasites found in skin scrapings/biopsy/tissue culture

A
  • Leishmania - skin scrapings
  • Besnoitia besnoiti - skin biopsy
  • Toxoplasma gondii (tissue culture)
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14
Q

Parasites found in biopsy

A
  • Leishmania (from lnn/liver/spleen/BM/skin - Giemsa)
  • Theileria (ln - Giemsa)
  • Toxoplasmosis (stained or by IFAT)
  • Besnoitia besnoiti (skin)
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15
Q

Parasites found in genitals

A
  • Trypanosoma equiperdum (scraping of muc.mem. in fresh cases)
  • Trichomonas foetus (washing preputium w. phys. saline or special sol; collecting of vaginal/uteral discharge; seminal fluids)
  • Besnoitia besnoiti (cysts)
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16
Q

Parasites found in respiratory tract

A
  • Besnoitia besnoiti (cysts)

- Cryptosporidium of birds

17
Q

Parasites found in oseophagus

A
  • Trichomonas gallinae (also in crop)

- Sarcocystiosis (cysts)

18
Q

Parasites found in skin lesions

A

-Histomonas meleagridis

19
Q

Parasites found with oocyst counting (OPG)

A
  • Coccidiosis of chicken - Eimeria - Mc.Master method
  • Coccidiosis of cattle - Eimeria - Mc.Master method
  • Coccidiosis of rabbit - Eimeria (int. form)
20
Q

Parasites found in eye

A

-Besnoitia besnoiti (cysts in sclera, conjunctiva)

21
Q

Parasites found in heart

A

-Sarcocystiosis (cysts)

22
Q

Parasites found in muscles

A

-Sarcocystiosis - muscle sarcosporidiosis

23
Q

Parasites found in urine

A

-Encephalitozoon cuniculi

24
Q

Important for Cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Autoinfection
  • IC but extracytoplasmic
  • Kinyoun staining: red (thick wall) and white (thin wall) are the oocysts, with blue background (good for small parasites).
25
Coccidiosis life cycle
1. Oocyst swallowed by animal and goes into gut. 2. O. release sporocysts which release sporozoites which invade gut cells and build Scizonts w. trophozoites inside --> Schizogony/Merogony 3. Schizonts release MZ which infect new gut cells. 4. MZ Build macrogamonts (female) and microgamonts (male) sperms - Miro goes over to Macro --> Gametogony 5. Grows zygot and black cell nucleus 6. Zygot becomes oocyst. Younger oocyst builds wall (protein). 7. Free unsporulated oocyst is shredded in faeces. 1. ..
26
Form of parasites we detect in different species
- Trypanosomas: trypomastigotes - motile trypanosomas in blood - Leishmania: amastigote in smears/scrapings - Giardia: trophozoites (vegetative form) - pear shaped, symmetrical, two nuclei, two axostyles and 4 pairs of flagella, or cysts (infectious form) - Trichomonas foetus: trophozoites - pear shaped, one flagella forming membrane backwards, 3 flagella forwards - Trichomonas gallinae: trophozoites - pear shaped, one flagella forming membrane backwards, 4 flagella forwards - Histomonas: flagellate form (1 flagella) in caecal lumen, ameboid (Ø flagella) form in tissues - pleomorphic - Entamoeba: trophozoites (vegetative form) - irregular shape and vesicle-like nucleus or cysts (infectious form) - round with 4 nuclei - Eimeria: unsporulated and sporulated oocysts, schizonts (macroschizont or globidium) or merozoites - long, crescent shaped (inside schizont) - Isospora: unsporulated and sporulated oocysts - Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis, Sarcocystiosis: oocysts - Besnoitia: cysts in sclera, conjuctiva, RT and genitals - Hepatozoon: elliptic gamonts in monocytes (sausage like) - Babesiosis: piroplasms in blood - Theileria: schizonts in biopsy of ln., Koch´s bodies in lymphyctes or merozoites - rod-shaped and blue, round, oval and ring-shaped forms, in blood. - Encephalitozoon: spores in urine of rabbits
27
Parasites in carnivores
- Trypanosoma brucei + congolense (nagana) + brucei evansi (surra) - Leishmania (+hu) - Giardia (mainly dogs, +mammals +birds) - Entamoeba histolytica (+Hu, monkey, kitten, young dog) - Coccidiosis - I.felis, I.rivolta, I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi - Hepatozoon canis (only) - Sarcocystiosis (final host) - Toxoplasmosis gondii (final h. felinae, im. mammals+birds) - Babesia canis + vogeli + gibsoni
28
Parasites in birds
- Histomonas meleagridis (only) - Trichomonas gallinae (only) - Cryptosporidium baileyi + meleagridis (only) - Coccidiosis - Eimeria...
29
Parasites in horses
- Trypanosoma equiperdum (dourine) + brucei brucei (nagana) + brucei evansi (surra) + equinum - Sarcosporidia equicanis (im. host) - Babesia caballi - Theileria equi
30
Parasites in cattle
- Trypanosoma vivax (nagana) + brucei evansi (surra) - Besnoitia besnoiti (im. host) - Trichomonas foetus (only) - Sarcosporidia hirsuta (im. host) - Cryptosporidium parvum + muris (many mammals, esp. young calves) - Coccidiosis - E.zuernii + bovis - Babesia divergens + bovis + bigemina + major - Theileria annulata (Ru)
31
Parasites in sheep
- Sarcosporidia ovicanis + gigantea (im. host) | - Theileria annulata (Ru)
32
Parasites in pigs
-Coccidiosis - I.suis + Eimeria
33
Parasites in rabbits
- Coccidiosis - E.stiedai + inestinal eimeria | - Encephalitozoon cuniculi (mammals, mainly rabbits)
34
Histological findings of Coccidiosis of chickens
- E.acervulina: duodenum+jejunum, visible white foci or transverse bands - "ladder like", content watery, mucus w/ø blood → not really dangerous - E.maxima: mid-small int. Petechia, with blood (more dangerous) on surface of int. mucosa, infected area = "salt and pepper like" - E.necatrix: jejunum+ileum, haemorrhagic, thickened, swollen, unclotted blood in lumen, scattered white spots - "pepper and salt like" - E.tenella: caecum, enlarged, extensive haemorrhages, unclotted/partially/clotted blood in lumen, deep erosions of epithelium, long-term: caseous material in lumen adhere to mucosa - E.brunetti: low small int., prox. caecum, colon, rectum, cloaca, haemorrhagic, catarrhal exudate and coag. necrosis, sometimes petechia on tip of villi in rectum - "-ladder like"
35
Parasites using serological methods
- Trypanosoma Dourine + Nagana - Leishmania - Trichomonas foetus - Besnoitia besnoiti - Babesia - Theileria
36
Parasites using immunological methods
- Giardia - Trichomonas foetus - Entamoeba - Cryptosporidiosis - Toxoplasmosis (Sabin Feldman dye test, Complement Fixation Test, ELISA, IHAT, IFAT) - Encephalitozoon (IFAT, CIA, IIR)
37
Parasites using PCR technique
- Leishmania - Cryptosporidiosis (molecular techniques) - Toxoplasmosis (human CSF)
38
Distinktiv clinical sign with parasites
- Babesia: icterus - Trypanosoma - dourine: dollar spots - T. - Nagana: odeama of limbs and genitals - T. - Equinum: paralysis of HL and hips - Cryptosporidium mammals: v. bloody diarrhea, young calves - Cryptosporidium birds: signs of resp. dis. - Coccidia: watery diarrhoea - Histomonas: black come - Leishmania: creeping eruption - Theileria: swelling of lnn., dyspnoea, tachycardia, petechial hemorrhages on vulva, under tongue

Parasitology (16 decks)

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