MT2 Flashcards
(33 cards)
What structures make up the hindbrain (parts and location)?
the myelencephalon (enterance of the spinal cord), and metencephalon (the cerebellum and pons)
What is the formal name for the midbrain?
Mesencephalon
What are the 2 important functions of the hindbrain?
the autonomic nervous system and the reticular formation (alertness and consciousness)
What are the 2 important structures in the midbrain and their function?
Substantia nigra (motor and reward) and ventral tegmental area (reinforcement and reward)
What are the important structures in the forebrain? (3 structures)
the diencephalic (thalamus and hypothalamus) and the telencephalic (basial ganglia)
What makes up the basial ganglia?
dorsal striatum (caudate and putamen) and globus pallidus
difference between dorsal and ventral striatum?
Dorsal: found in the basial ganglia of the forebrain. Is made up of caudate and putamen)
ventral: found in the limbic system and includes the nucleus accumbens
What 5 parts of the limbic system do we need to know?
The septal nucleus, the nucleus accumbens, the cingulate gyrus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala
What are the two catagories of monoamines? How do they differ?
Catacholamines (DA and NE) and serotonin. Catacolamine are derived from tyrosine, and serotonin is derived from tryptophan
What is the rate limiting enzyme in monoamine creation
first step from tyrosine base (tyrosine hydroxylase)
What is the mechanism of D1 and D2 class receptors in the cell?
D1: up regulates cAMP and depolarization the cell (Gs)
D2: down regulates cAMP by increasing K+ conductance (Gi)
What are the four pathways in the brain relevant for DA? where do they come from, where do they go (where do ya come from cotton eyed joe?) ?
Nigrostriatal: from substaintia nigra to dorsal striatum (caudate and putamen)
mesolimbic: ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus (limbic system)
Mesocortical: ventral tegmental area to limbic/prefrontal cortex
Tuberoinfudibular: hypothalamus to pituitary (i.e. hormonal control pathway)
What is the core component of amphetamines?
Phenylethylamine and some methyl groups
What are the progressive effects of psychomotor stimulants (hint: what is our model psychomotor stimulant? I put down 5 effects)
Meth is our model psychomotor stimulant. Its effects are euphoria, antianxiety, alertness, toxic paranoid psychosis, and sensory hallucinations
what two pathways in the brain are activated by psychomotor stimulants?
Nigrostriatal and mesolimbic
What are the three causes of AMPH neurotoxicity?
Oxidative stress: due to increased DA in the environment
Mitochondrial inhibition: due to increased Ca++
Cytoskeletal damage: due to increase Ca++ dependent proteases
What does AMPH do to the BBB?
Degrades it by degrading tight junctions, increasing inflamation, and activation matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (leads to further degredation)
What transporters reuptake glutamate? where are they located?
EAAT3: located on the presynaptic cell
EAAT1/2: located on neighboring glial cells
Which ionotropic receptors can glutamate activate?
AMPA, Kainate, NMDA
What cellular mechanism do the glutamate ionotropic receptors use to depolarize cells? what does NMDA do differently?
All of them increase the amount of sodium in the cell. NMDA can also increase the amount of calcium inside the cell, leading to the activation of additional cellular mechanisms.
What is long term potentiation?
When a pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cell are allowed to fire together repeatedly, it will cause a greater change in voltage during the AP.
What are three possible mechanisms of LTP?
- change in voltage leads to unblocking/activation of more postsynaptic channels
- increased presynaptic release
- increase in number of receptors
What glutamate receptors govern necrosis versus apoptosis?
Necrosis: AMPA and Kanaite
Apoptosis: NMDA mediated
What channels does GABA get reuptook thru? where are they located?
GAT1: on presynaptic cell and glial cells
GAT1 thru 3: on glial cells
