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mt2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the internal factors of injury prevention that can decrease injury risk

A

screening

fitness and conditioning

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2
Q

what are the external factors of injury prevention that can decrease injury risk

A

environmental protective equipment

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3
Q

which types of screening would a kinesiologist do

A

medical history, wellness screening

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4
Q

what are the components of fitness most relevant for injury prevention

A

flexibility

plyometric ability

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5
Q

what is the FIFA 11+ dynamic warmup

A

protocol designed to reduce non contact soccer knee injuries

40% decrease of injuries in adolescent soccer

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6
Q

what must be checked for helmets

A

correct model for athlete’s head shape

check key points for correct size and fit

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7
Q

what is the effect of ankle braces

A

little to no negative impact on performance

much more support for longer compared to tape

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8
Q

what are knee braces

A

reduces the chance of ligament injuries.

neoprene sleeves do not provide any structural support

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9
Q

what are the phases of tissue response to injury

A

inflammatory/ acute
fibroblastic repair
maturation- remodelling

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10
Q

what are the signs of inflammation

A

SHARP

swelling
heat
altered function
redness
pain

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11
Q

describe the stages and goals of the inflammatory response phase

A

goals
-protect
-isolate
-decrease injurious agents
-prepare for repair

stages
-vasoconstriction, coagulation
-vasodilation or selling
-clot formation

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12
Q

what is the POLICE acronym

A

protection
optimal loading
ice
compression
elevation

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13
Q

what is the best method of icing

A

frozen water with crushed ice.

20min on and 1 hr off.

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14
Q

what are the sensations of ice application

A

cold pain
burning
aching
numbness

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15
Q

what are some reasons why someone should not ice

A

Raynaud’s syndrome
diabetes
recent surgery
sensitive skin
altered sensation

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16
Q

at what humidity is evaporation not effective as a means of heat loss

A

effective up to 65

doesn’t work past 75

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17
Q

when does mild dehydration occur

A

2% of body weight lost in fluid

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18
Q

what systems does being dehydrated impair

A

cardiovascular and thermoregulatory

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19
Q

what is the definition of exertional heat exhaustion

A

inability to sustain adequate cardiac output
due to inadequate fluid replacement

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20
Q

what is the second phase of tissue repair

A

fibroblastic repair phase

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21
Q

how long does the fibroblastic repair phase last

A

weeks

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22
Q

describe the fibroblastic repair phase

A

when collagen formation builds around injury forming scar tissue. too much scar tissue can prevent injury recovery

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23
Q

describe the third phase of tissue repair

A

maturation and remodelling

it can take years

the collagen laid down in fibroblastic repair is broken down and realigned based on the applied tensile force.

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24
Q

what factors can impede ligament
healing

A

chronic inflammation
- acute inflammatory phase lasting too long
- returning to acute inflammatory phase after disruption in early fibroblastic phase

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25
how does ligament repair typically happen
repair involves laying down random strands of collagen that then realign in reaction to stresses
26
why would intraarticular tears take longer than normal ligament tears to heal.
synovial fluid dilutes hematoma and prevents clotting
27
how does skeletal muscle healing differ from ligament healing?
myoblastic cells form to regenerate myofibrils
28
describe the sequence of tendon repair
stage 1: tendon will stick to surrounding tissues stage2: tendon will gradually separate becoming more mobile stage3: tensile strength gradually returns
29
what are the stages of bone acute fracture healing
- hematoma in the cavity and surrounding tissue forms in the first 2 days -osteoblasts fill the calluses to immobilize site -calluses formed from bone fragments between the gap -osteoblasts make the callus hard to replace soft cartilage callus -bone adapts to stresses by regulating osteoblast and osteoclast activity
30
what factors can impede the healing of bone
poor blood supply and poor immobilization
31
what is foot pronation
eversion, dorsiflexion, abduction
32
what is foot supination
inversion, plantar flexion, adduction
33
what are the two phases of normal gait
stance (foot is on ground) swing (foot in the air)
34
describe the connection between gait and foot pronation and supination
when the foot first touches down it is in supination then transitions into pronation at the mid stance to unlock mid foot and shock absorb. transitions back to provide rigid lever to push against
35
what is pes planus. what causes it and what are the signs and symptoms
flat foot. excessive pronation weak supporting structure (FHL, FDL, TP) high impact activity pain and weakness in a flat medial longitudinal arch bulging navicular
36
how to manage pes planus
orthotics arch taping strengthen strengthen muscles
37
what is pes cavus, symptoms
it is a high arch foot. high medial longitudial arch bad shock absorption heavy calluses on ball and heel of foot. pain in lower leg
38
why is excessive foot supination a bad thing
too rigid of a foot prevents proper shock absorption, reduces calcaneaocuboid mobility and also limits tibia internal rotation. this can have consequences up the kinetic chain
39
how to manage pes cavus
orthotics release achilles/gastroc and plantar facia
40
what is plantar fasciitis. what can it be caused by, symptoms
pain in transverse arch and heel. high stresses on fascia sudden reduction in arch support excessive pronation increased pain in the first steps and dorsiflexion, toe extension
41
how to manage plantar fasciitis
soft orthotic, arch taping, night splint achilles/gastroc stretching
42
what is the common causes and signs of metatarsal stress fractures
usually second meta tarsal called march fracture sudden increase or change in running pattern localized pain at rest especially after training
43
what is turf toe, what are the symptoms, management
great toe hyperextension pain and swelling which increases during push off taping, rest, increase shoe forefoot rigidity
44
what is sever's disease, signs
agpophysitis of calcaneus pain in posterior heel below achilles attachment similar symptoms to plantar fasciitis
45
what static stability supports the lateral aspect of ankle
PTF (posterior talofibular) , CF(calcaneofibular) , ATF (anterior talofibular)
46
what static stability supports the medial aspect of the ankle
deltoid ligament
47
what is the most stable and unstable position of the ankle
stable in dorsiflexion and least stable in plantar flexion.
48
what degrees of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are required for normal gait
10 dorsiflexion 20 plantar flexion
49
what type of hinge joint is the ankle
stable
50
in an inversion sprain which ligament is most commonly injured
ATF.
51
what avulsion fractures can happen during an inversion sprain
lateral malleolus, base 5th mt
52
what is the Ottawa ankle rule
a field assessment to see if Xray is required inability to bear weight for 4 steps tenderness in inferior or posterior malleoli or mid foot. tenderness at base of 5th mt or navicular
53
what is the difference in damage between a grade 2 and grade 3 inversion ankle sprain
grade 3 involves all 3 ligaments and can result in talocrucal subluxation
54
what type of fractures can accompany an eversion ankle sprain
fibula shearing tibia avulsion
55
what is a syndesmotic sprain, mechanism, symptoms
a high ankle injury forced rotation of leg in dorsiflexion pain with weight bearing and dorsiflexion
56
structural vs functional instability
structural = ligament function = skeletal muscle
57
what is achilles tendinopathy. Symptoms
achilles tendon and sheath inflammation causing fibrosis and scarring. This causes restrictions in movement that manifest as pain and stiffness. crepitus in plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
58
achilles tendinopathy management
NSAIDS reduce stressors strengthening using eccentrics and isometrics
59
what is the positive Thompson test
also known as squeeze test, test for achilles tendon rupture by squeezing gastroc to look for foot movement
60
what is MTSS
medial tibial stress syndrome also known as shin splints
61
what are the 4 stages of symptoms of MTSS
pain after activity pain before and after activity and not affecting performance pain before during and after activity affecting performance (high risk of tibial stress fracture ) pain preventing performance
62
what is the function of the ACL
restricts anterior translation and internal rotation of the tibia
63
what is knee valgum and varum
valgum is knees closer together varum is knees farther apart
64
what ligaments would an knee brace be used to protect
MCL ACL following sprain or surgery
65
what are the signs and symptoms of a grade2 MCL sprain
complete tear of deep capsular ligament. partial tear of MCL laxity at 30 degrees of flexion slight swelling
66
what are the signs and symptoms of a grade3 MCL sprain
complete loss of MCL stability moderate swelling hamstring guarding positive valgus stress test
67
what causes LCL sprains
varus force
68
what usually causes ACL sprains
sudden deceleration with knee in extension and or knee valgus
69
what are the symptoms of an ACL sprain
pop with severe pain and disability positive anterior drawer and Lachman's sign (testing if tibia can slide forward) rapid swelling at joint line
70
how does a PCL sprain typically occur
fall on bent knee. car crash dashboard injury
71
how do meniscus injuries typically happen
axial force, rotation and valgus force
72
what are some symptoms of meniscus injury
joint line pain joint locking pain squatting bellow 90
73
why do meniscus lesions usually result in surgery
poor circulation joint locking
74
what kinesiologist management can be done for meniscal lesions
limit loaded movements past 90 strengthen knee extensors and flexors using open kinetic chain exercises educate on jumping and landing technique
75
what is osgood-schlatter disease
apophysitis at the tibial tubercle
76
how to manage osgood-schlatter
reduce stressors improve quad flexibility
77
how do most forearm fractures occur
FOOSH and direct blow
78
what is a colle's fracture
FOOSH forces distal end of radius or ulna into posterior displacement
79
what is a Smith fracture
FOOSH forces distal end of radius or ulna into anterior displacement
80
what are the symptoms of a Colle's fracture
dinner fork deformity can include median nerve damage
81
what are the signs and symptoms of a lunate dislocation or subluxation
pain, swelling and difficulty executing wrist flexion hypermobile lunate and unstable scaphoid lunate complex
82
what are the symptoms of a scaphoid fracture
pain with radial flexion, pain in anatomical snuff box
83
what is the management of a scaphoid fracture
xray immobilization for 6 weeks then protection against impact loading for 3 more months. usually unstable fractures will need surgery
84
How can a TFCC injury be aggravated
twist of wrist while in ulnar deviation
85
what is deQuervains's
tendinopathy in extensor pollicis braves and abductor pollicis longus
86
who is more likely to have deQuervains's
training with barbell frequently
87
what is mallet finger. symptoms, management
an avulsion injury to the finger extensor tendon at insertion. unable to extend distal end of finger completely police, splinting
88
what is jersey finger, symptoms, management
rupture of flexor digitorum profundus tendon from insertion on distal phalanx finger cannot be completely flexed. surgical repair
89
what is gamekeeper's thumb? management?
sprain of UCL of MCP joint of thumb imaging, splint, tape
90
what are the two common mechanisms of injury of finger dislocation
hyperextension twisting in semi flexed postion

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