MT3 Session 12: Immune system and Vaccine

Question 1

2 WBC lineages of Innate immunity cells

Answer 1

myeloid, lymphoid

Question 2

PMN leukocytes

Answer 2

myeloid WBCs:

polymorphonuclear - (lobed nuc) neutrophils - engulf

Question 3

monocytes

Answer 3

myeloid WBCs:

nonlobed (norm) nucleus - macrophages and dentritic - engulf to present antigens on surface

Question 4

natural killer cells

Answer 4

lymphoid WBCs- attack infected cells

Question 5

B cells

Answer 5

lymphoid WBCs - mature in bone marrow

circulate; its plasma cells create anibodies and memory B cells

Question 6

T cells

Answer 6

lymphoid WBCs - mature in thymus

helper T and regulatory T: regulate antibody response

Question 7

WBC lineages: from hematopoetic stem cells onto

Answer 7

-Lymphoid : NK, B& T cells

-myeloid: PNM and monocytes
neutrophils, macrophages/dendritic

Question 8

nonspecific host defenses

Answer 8

barriers - phys, chem
inflammation
phagocytosis

Question 9

Toll-like receptors

Answer 9

1. trigger cytokine release

2. recognize PAMP (pathogen-assoc molecular patterns) - things that pathogen classes (not species level) generally have

Question 10

alternative complement pathway

Answer 10

structures LIKE LPS triggers a cascade that activates Membrane Attack Complex

pokes pores in target cell

Question 11

antigen definition

Answer 11

anything that causes immune response, usually protein because more RIGID and VARIED in structure and ,so creates MORE SPECIFIC response

is a sum of epitopes

Question 12

epitope

Answer 12

part of an antigen’s 3D structure or linear chain

the antigenic determinant - what one single antibody recognizes

Question 13

activated antibodies (antigen bound) can trigger

Answer 13

complement cascade?

Question 14

antibody structure

Answer 14

heavy/light chains, V/C

carboxyl/amino terminus

Question 15

number of antigen binding sites/antibody

Answer 15

2

Question 16

number of regions (V/C) in light/heavy

Answer 16

L: V L, C L,
H: Vh, Ch1-3

Question 17

isotypes

Answer 17

Immunoglobulins A vs M GDE:

differences in heavy constant chains

Question 18

idiotype, allotype

Answer 18

idiotype: differences in variable regions: enable to attach to different antibodies
allotype: person to person differences in constant regions, esp light chain - not normal classes

Question 19

Primary&Secondary Ab response:

switch, decay

Answer 19

switch: at beginning, a high concentration to IgM switches to a high concentration of IgG
decay: sometime after the concentration of IgM is null, the concentration of IgG starts to decrease - will do so indefinitely if no secondary exposure

Question 20

Primary&Secondary Ab response:

concentration of antibody isotypes

Answer 20

primary: increase in IgM, (switch) IgM decline as IgG increase to higher magnitude
secondary: even higher magnitude of IgG, almost identically magnitude bump in IgM

Question 21

Is IgM a circulating antibody, mucosal, or cell surface?

Answer 21

circulating as pentameric
AND
cell surface (via Fc constant region in heavy end)

Question 22

Is IgG a circulating antibody, mucosal, or cell surface?

Answer 22

circualting - major humoral response

Question 23

humoral response

Answer 23

?

Question 24

b cell receptor

Answer 24

Immunoglobulin (antibody) anchored to membrane protein of B cell

Question 25

Clonal selection of B cells - mech

Answer 25

1. IDENTIFICATION: antigen binds to a specific B cell receptor 2. AMPLIFICATION: the whole B cell makes clones 3. DIFFERENTIATION INTO i) plasma cells that release antibodies ii) memory B cells that can cause a rapid secondary response

Question 26

what do B cells differentiate into?

Answer 26

plasma cells, memory B cells

Question 27

generation of diversity of antibodies

Answer 27

IN B CELLS (for every variable region- 4 per abody): DNA: join random D (diversity gene) with random V (variable region) gene RNA: add 1 random J (joining) gene add C region (mu or delta) add other 3 chains

Question 28

MHC

Answer 28

= major histocompatibility complex – make cell surface protein contribute to female choice

Question 29

how many Antigen presenting paths are there?

Answer 29

2: MHC I and II

Question 30

MHC I Antigen presentation mechanism

Answer 30

1. foreign protein in cytoplasm is degraded into segments 2. segment brought into the ER to be attached to MHCI of ER membrane 3. transport to golgi then to outer membrane make B cells

Question 31

MHC II Antigen presentation mechanism

Answer 31

1. MHC chain in er becomes own vesicle 2. microbe is phagocytosed and degraded to make antigens 3. antigens and mhc fuse, put to cell surface

Question 32

CD (4)

Answer 32

cluster of differentiation: cell surface protein on lymphoid cells

Question 33

humoral vs. cell-mediated immunity

Answer 33

circulating antibody vs. kill infected cell

Question 34

B cell activation: 2 routes, result

Answer 34

route 1: {antibody bind with antigen} + other antibody (2 dif characteristics of 1 antigen=substrate)-> make plasma (secrete IgM) and memories (higher affinity antibodies) route 2: {abod and agen} bind withMHC of helper T cell-> (isotype switching) -> make plasma and memories both make killers and B cells with same antigen binding site (SAME RESULT) - theres a redundancy and diversity

Question 35

helper T cells (TsubH) function

Answer 35

bind with 1 B to create more plasma and memory cells

Question 36

First vaccine: creator, vs. what?

Answer 36

Pasteur - vs. rabies

Question 37

Polio: symptoms, characteristics

Answer 37

viral | attack nervous system, may impede breathing

Question 38

what are the only countries that have endemic polio? why?

Answer 38

Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan small vocal minority attacks givers of vaccine because =spy? - CIA used an undercover doctor to confirm OsamabinLaden's location

Question 39

Strep Pneumoniae capsule function

Answer 39

niche: clingy so they aren't blown away virulence: protects vs. phagocytosis

Question 40

Why is it hard to find a vaccine for Strep pneumoniae?

Answer 40

1. they have a lot of capsule serotypes (about 100). we only found antis vs. 13 2. they can switch serotypes by expressing a different kind they posses or by LTG 3. there's a selective pressure, so populations of (not the 13 known) increase

Question 41

PCV13

Answer 41

pneumococcal conugate vaccine - 13 serotypes

Question 42

gulf war syndrome is either caused by

Answer 42

oil fire - toxic | anthrax vaccine- and they were forced to geet it

Question 43

what vaccine surrounds the autism controversy?

Answer 43

MMR - mumps, measles, rubella

Question 44

MAC

Answer 44

membrane attack complex - what is activated to poke holes in alternative complement pathway

Question 45

PAMP

Answer 45

pathogen-assoc molec patterns: what toll-like receptors bind to