Mtabolism II

Question 1

concentration gradients contain what?

Answer 1

stored or potential energy.

Question 2

The e- transport chain made up of cytochromes is located where?

Answer 2

The plasma membrane of prokaryotes and the inner mitochondrial membrane or eukaryotes.

Question 3

what molecules provide e- to the ETC?

Answer 3

NADH and FADH2

Question 4

The successive oxidation and reduction of cytochromes causes them to ___________ out _________ to the other side of the membrane and generates a ______________ or _____________

Answer 4

Pump
H+
Proton motive force/ concentration gradient.

Question 5

In _______________ pmf generates energy via _______________.

Answer 5

chemiosmosis

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

What are the 4 important krebs cycle intermediates?

Answer 6

Pyruvic acid
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
Citric acid

Question 7

can glycolysis still be preformed without O2, if so How?

Answer 7

yes, the final e- acceptor will ether be another inorganic molecule such as nitrate, sulfate or carbonate (anaerobic resp.) or the final e- will be an organic molecule (fermentation).

Question 8

Fermentaion produces little ATP and uses ___________ to add e- to the final acceptor to create __________ and ________ __________.

Answer 8

NADH
End products
regenerate
NAD+

Question 9

in fermentation why is the regeneration of NAD+ necessary?

Answer 9

NAD+ carries e- to the final organic electron acceptor, without available e- carriers glycolysis cannot continue.

Question 10

what is the difference between NAD+ and FAD?

Answer 10

they both do the same thing, but they have a different molecular structure.

Question 11

What are the 2 types of fermentation?

Answer 11

Alcoholic fermentation/ Ethanol fermentation

Lactic Acid fermentation.

Question 12

Anaerobic resp. and Aerobic resp. are both considered _______________.

Answer 12

types of respiration

Question 13

what is the maxiumum amount of ATP that can be obtained from glucose under perfect conditions?

Answer 13

38 ATP

Question 14

if the final e- acceptor in anaerobic resp. is NO3- what will be the products?

Answer 14

NO2- (nitrogen dioxide), N2- nitrogen gas, H2O

Question 15

if the final e- acceptor in anaerobic resp. is SO42- what will be the products?

Answer 15

H2S (hydrogen sulfide), and H2O

Question 16

if the final e- acceptor in anaerobic resp. is CO32- what will be the products?

Answer 16

CH4 and H2O

Question 17

Why is the ATP yeild lower in anaerobic respiration vs. aerobic respiration?

Answer 17

because only part of the krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions.

Question 18

Chemiosmosis

Answer 18

When water is being produced by a concentration gradient developed by the pumping of protons as e- are passed down the ETC; process by which H2Ois formed as a waste product during the making of ATP. Oxidative phos. happens because chemiosmosis.

Question 19

Fermentation causes the ___________ of food.

Answer 19

spoilage

Question 20

fermentation is used to….

Answer 20

create alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products.

Question 21

Fermentation can also be considered to be ________________

Answer 21

any large scale microbial process occurring with or without air. (common def. used in industry.)

Question 22

scientific definition of fermentation

Answer 22

uses an organic molecule as the final e- carrier
does not use the krebs cycle or ETC
Energy yield low
Diversity of end products

Question 23

Fermentation is a type of ____________.

Answer 23

anaerobic respiration

Question 24

what is the purpose of AR or Ferm.

Answer 24

cells which cannot utilize or tolerate oxygen need a way to produce ATP to stay alive.

Question 25

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 25

in the cytoplasm of both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Question 26

Where does the intermediary step between glycolysis and the krebs cycle occur?

Answer 26

in the cytoplasm of both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Question 27

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

Answer 27

in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.

Question 28

Where does the ETC occur?

Answer 28

in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes

Question 29

in the glycolysis pathway how many ATP, NADH and FADH2 are produced?

Answer 29

2 ATP, 2 NADH and 0 FADH2

Question 30

in the krebs cycle pathway how many ATP, NADH and FADH2 are produced?

Answer 30

2 ATP, 8 NADH and 2 FADH

Question 31

what is the total amount of ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 31

4

Question 32

What is the total number of NADH produced during glycolysis and krebs cycle?

Answer 32

10 | 2 from glycolysis and 8 from krebs cycle

Question 33

How much ATP is produced from NADH molecule?

Answer 33

3 ATP

Question 34

How much ATP can be made by 10 NADH molecules?

Answer 34

30 = 10 NADH x 3 ATP per NADH

Question 35

How much ATP is produced from FADH2 molecule?

Answer 35

2 ATP

Question 36

How much ATP can be made by 2 FADH2 molecules?

Answer 36

4 = 2 FADH2 x 2 ATP per FADH2

Question 37

How much ATP is produced from oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 37

34

Question 38

Proteins, carbs and lipids are all ____________.

Answer 38

sources of e- for cellular respiration; they are brokendown into monomers that enter Cellular respiration at different pathways.

Question 39

lipids can produce more ATP than glucose because

Answer 39

lipids contain more carbon

Question 40

amylose

Answer 40

starch/polysaccharide

Question 41

amylases

Answer 41

digest starch

Question 42

Cellulase

Answer 42

digests cellulose; only bacteria and fungi have this enzyme

Question 43

Extra cellular proteases

Answer 43

break down protein into amino acids

Question 44

Deamination

Answer 44

removal of an amino group

Question 45

Cecaroboxylation

Answer 45

removal of a carboxyl group

Question 46

dehydrogenation

Answer 46

removal of hydrogen

Question 47

Desulfurylation

Answer 47

removal of sulfur

Question 48

An amino acid must undergo Deamination, Decarboxylation, Dehydrogenation and Desulfurlyation to....

Answer 48

create an organic acid which can be used in the krebs cycle.

Question 49

Different species of microbes produce different enzymes ______________ help to identify a microbe by detecting the enzymes it produces.

Answer 49

biochemical tests

Question 50

Fermentation tests

Answer 50

a type of biochemical test used to identify a species by the enzymes it produces

Question 51

Mannitol fermentation

Answer 51

fermentation of the sugar mannitol, can be used in a fermentation test.

Question 52

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 52

use the same organic compound as energy sorce and carbon source. Most medically important bacteria.

Question 53

chemoheterotrophs can be further divided into _____________ and _____________.

Answer 53

Saprophytes (like decaying organic matter) | Parasites (prefer a living host)

Question 54

Photoautotroph

Answer 54

gets energy from light and carbon from CO2

Question 55

Chemoautotroph

Answer 55

gets energy from inorganic chemicals and sources carbon from CO2

Question 56

Photoheterotroph

Answer 56

get energy from light and carbon from organic chemicals

Question 57

bacteria have the biggest range of ______________ ___________

Answer 57

metabolic diversity

Question 58

Summarize the the integration of metabolic pathways using peptidoglycan synthesis as an example.

Answer 58

Catabolic pathways break down glucose into ATP energy and Other catabolic pathways and intermediates provide monomers NAG and NAM. the bacteria has anabolic pathways which use ATP energy and monomers from catabolic processes.