multi store model

Question 1

What is the role of the Sensory Register in memory?

Answer 1

The Sensory Register is responsible for dealing with all sensory information that comes our way.

Question 2

What is the duration of the Sensory Register?

Answer 2

The duration of the Sensory Register is very brief, approximately 250 milliseconds.

Question 3

What is the capacity of the Sensory Register?

Answer 3

The capacity of the Sensory Register is very large due to dealing with vast amounts of sensory information.

Question 4

How is information encoded in the Sensory Register?

Answer 4

Information in the Sensory Register is modality-specific, dealing with different senses.

Question 5

What are the two main components of the Sensory Register?

Answer 5

The two main components are iconic memory (for visual information) and echoic memory (for auditory information).

Question 6

How does information move from the Sensory Register to STM?

Answer 6

When we pay attention to the information entering the Sensory Register, it is sent to our Short-Term Memory (STM).

Question 7

What happens when information is attended to in the Sensory Register?

Answer 7

Information that is attended to is passed to the Short-Term Memory (STM).

Question 8

What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory?

Answer 8

The capacity of STM is limited to 7 ± 2 items.

Question 9

What is the duration of information in Short-Term Memory?

Answer 9

The duration of information in STM is between 18-30 seconds.

Question 10

How is information coded in Short-Term Memory?

Answer 10

Information in STM is coded in an acoustic format.

Question 11

What is maintenance rehearsal in STM?

Answer 11

Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information out loud verbally to keep it in STM for a longer period.

Question 12

What happens if information is not rehearsed in STM?

Answer 12

If information is not rehearsed, it decays due to the limited duration of STM.

Question 13

What happens when STM becomes overwhelmed with information?

Answer 13

When too much information enters STM, older information is displaced by newer information due to STM’s limited capacity.

Question 14

How is information transferred from Short-Term Memory (STM) to Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 14

Through prolonged rehearsal, information can be sent from STM to LTM.

Question 15

What is the capacity of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 15

LTM has an unlimited capacity.

Question 16

What is the duration of information in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 16

Information in LTM has a lifetime duration.

Question 17

How is information encoded in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 17

Information in LTM is encoded semantically, meaning it is stored based on its meaning.

Question 18

How is information retrieved from Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 18

Information is retrieved from LTM to STM through a recall or recognition process.

Question 19

What did Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) propose about memory?

Answer 19

Atkinson & Shiffrin proposed the Multi-Store Model (MSM), which suggests that memory is made up of three components: sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

Question 20

What is the basic idea of how memory works in the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 20

According to the model, memories are formed sequentially, and information passes from one component to the next in a linear fashion, with each store being separate and unitary.

Question 21

What are the three components of the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 21

The three components of the MSM are sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

Question 22

How does information flow through the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 22

Information passes from one component to the next in a linear fashion, with each store being separate and unitary.

Question 23

What is the primacy effect in memory?

Answer 23

The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember the first few items in a list better than the middle items.

Question 24

Why does the primacy effect happen according to the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 24

The primacy effect occurs because the first few items in a list are given more time to be rehearsed, which helps transfer them to Long-Term Memory (LTM).

Question 25

How does rehearsal play a role in the primacy effect?

Answer 25

Rehearsal helps transfer the initial items from Short-Term Memory (STM) to Long-Term Memory (LTM), making them easier to retrieve and recall.

Question 26

What role does Long-Term Memory (LTM) play in the primacy effect?

Answer 26

Once the initial items are transferred to LTM, they can be retrieved more easily, leading to better recall.

Question 27

What is the recency effect in memory?

Answer 27

The recency effect refers to the tendency to remember the last few items in a list better than the middle items.

Question 28

Why does the recency effect happen according to the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 28

The recency effect happens because the most recent items are still present in Short-Term Memory (STM), which has not yet decayed or been displaced.

Question 29

How does Short-Term Memory (STM) contribute to the recency effect?

Answer 29

STM holds information for only a short time, and the recent items are still available for quick recall, which contributes to the recency effect.

Question 30

What role does the limited duration of STM play in the recency effect?

Answer 30

Since STM has a limited duration, the most recent items are still fresh in STM and can be retrieved easily, leading to the recency effect.

Question 31

What does brain scan research suggest about Short-Term Memory (STM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 31

Brain scan research provides evidence that STM and LTM are separate memory stores, as different areas of the brain are activated during different types of memory tasks.

Question 32

Which areas of the brain are involved in STM and LTM tasks?

Answer 32

Beardsley (1997) found that the prefrontal cortex is active during STM tasks, while Squire (1992) found that the hippocampus is critical for LTM processes.

Question 33

How do the findings from Beardsley (1997) and Squire (1992) support the idea of separate memory stores?

Answer 33

The findings suggest that STM relies on the prefrontal cortex, while LTM relies on the hippocampus, indicating that STM and LTM are supported by distinct neural systems.

Question 34

What is the significance of brain scan research for models like the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 34

Brain scan findings provide objective evidence supporting the idea that STM and LTM are separate stores, enhancing the validity of models like the MSM that propose distinct memory systems are supported by different neural structures.

Question 35

How does the Levels of Processing (LoP) theory differ from the Multi-Store Model (MSM) in explaining memory?

Answer 35

The LoP theory emphasizes the depth of processing rather than the distinction between separate memory stores, suggesting that memory retention depends on how deeply information is processed.

Question 36

What does Craik and Lockhart's (1972) Levels of Processing theory propose about memory retention?

Answer 36

The theory suggests that memory retention depends on the depth of processing, with information processed semantically (for meaning) being more likely to be transferred to long-term memory than information processed at a shallow level.

Question 37

How does the Levels of Processing (LoP) theory contrast with the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 37

The MSM suggests that the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory relies solely on rehearsal, while LoP focuses on the idea that deeper processing leads to better retention and recall, regardless of memory store.

Question 38

Why might the Levels of Processing (LoP) theory provide a better understanding of memory than the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 38

LoP accounts for the impact of cognitive strategies, such as semantic processing, on memory retention, offering a more flexible and dynamic explanation of memory encoding and storage.

Question 39

How does the case study of HM support the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 39

The case study of HM supports MSM by demonstrating that Short-Term Memory (STM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM) are separate stores. Despite his inability to form new long-term memories, HM's STM remained intact.

Question 40

What happened to HM after his surgery, and what did it show about STM and LTM?

Answer 40

After undergoing surgery to remove his hippocampus, HM could not form new long-term memories, but his Short-Term Memory (STM) was still functional, as shown by his performance on immediate digit span tests.

Question 41

Why does HM’s case provide support for the idea of separate memory stores in MSM?

Answer 41

HM’s inability to form new long-term memories while still having an intact Short-Term Memory (STM) shows a clear distinction between STM and LTM, supporting the idea of separate stores in the MSM.

Question 42

What is a limitation of using the case study of HM to support the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

Answer 42

A limitation is that HM's case is based on a single individual, and his unique medication for epilepsy may have had specific effects on his brain, limiting the generalizability of the findings to the wider population.

Question 43

What is a limitation of the Multi-Store Model (MSM) in terms of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 43

The MSM presents an overly simplistic view of LTM, which is challenged by case studies like that of HM, showing that LTM consists of multiple distinct types of memory rather than being a single store.

Question 44

How does the case of HM challenge the MSM's view of LTM?

Answer 44

HM was unable to form new episodic or semantic memories but could still acquire new procedural memories, such as improving on a mirror-drawing task. This suggests that LTM is not a single, unified store.

Question 45

What does HM's case suggest about LTM and how does it challenge the MSM?

Answer 45

HM's case suggests that LTM consists of separate types of memory (e.g., procedural, episodic, and semantic), which challenges the MSM's reductionist approach to LTM as a single entity.

Question 46

How does the limitation of the MSM in explaining LTM relate to the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

Answer 46

The Working Memory Model (WMM) may provide a better understanding of memory by accounting for multiple memory systems, unlike the MSM, which reduces memory to isolated variables.