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Multicellular Parasites Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Platyhelminthes

A 
flatworms
dorsoventrally flattened
bilateral
acoelomates
monoecious mostly (some diocious)
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2
Q

Turbellaria

A

free living flatworms

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3
Q

Monogenea

A

ectoparasites of cold water vertebrates
very little harm at normal levels
problem if in fish farms
monoxenous

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4
Q

Haptar

A

hold fast structures

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5
Q

Monogenea life cycle

A
  1. adults
  2. eggs
  3. oncomiracidium (ciliated stage, swims to find host)
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6
Q

ASpidobothria

A

bridge between parasitic and free-living flatworms
infect marine and fresh water invertebrates
faculatative in turtles, fishes
monoxenous

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7
Q

ASpidobrothria life cycle

A
  1. adults
  2. eggs
  3. cotylocidium
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8
Q

Trematoda subclasses

A 
Aspidobothria 
Digenea (flukes)
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9
Q

Protandrous

A

male sex organs develop first

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10
Q

Digenean eggs released through:

A

sputum
feces
urine

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11
Q

miracidian

A

ciliated larvae infects first IH

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12
Q

sporocyst

A

asexual stage in 1st IH

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13
Q

Redia

A

feeds on host tissues, produces daughters

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14
Q

Cercariae

A

penetrates 2nd IH or is infective to DH

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15
Q

metacercariae

A

inside 2nd IH or infective to DH

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16
Q

Steps inside snail (1st IH)

A

mother/daughter redia

mother/daughter sporocyst

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17
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A

DH: humans
RH: sheep cattle rabbits
1st IH: snail

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18
Q

Fasciola hepatica life cycle

A
  1. adult flukes in biliary system
  2. eggs passed in feces
  3. in water, eggs hatch
  4. miracidium penetrates snail
  5. cercariae in water
  6. encysts as metacercariae in aquatic vegetation
  7. human eats metacercariae
  8. juvenille chews through liver
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19
Q

Diagnosis F. hepatica

A

fecal smear for eggs

false positive positive if a person eats non-infective eggs

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20
Q

Treatment F. hepatica

A

Triclabendazole

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21
Q

Control F. hepatica

A

don’t eat fresh watercress

fence off vegetation in low-lying watering holes

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22
Q

Fascioloides magma

A

“Liver Butterflies”
DH: wild ungulates–deer, sheep cattle
Only problematic in sheep
life cycle like F. hepatica

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23
Q

Dicrocoelium dentriticum

A

DH: sheep, cattle
no chewing through tissue
1st IH: terrestrial snail
2nd IH: brown ants (Formica)

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24
Q

D. dentriticum life cycle: interesting part

A

when inside brown ants, get into brain and change behavior: make them hang on the ends of grass so sheep eat them

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25
Clonorrhis sinesis
``` " Chinese Liver Flukes" DH: humans 1st IH: snail 2nd IH: fish RH: dogs and cats ```
26
C. sinesis transmission to humans
eating undercooked fish | night soil fertilizer
27
C. sinesis pathology, diagnosis, treatment
carcinogenic so can lead to liver cancer fecal smear for eggs Proziquantel
28
Liver Flukes
F. hepatica F. magna D. dendriticum C. sinesis
29
Fasciolopsir buski
DH: humans 1st IH: snail RH: pigs
30
F. buski pathology/diagnosis
diarrhea, mucusy stool fecal smear for eggs **night soil fertilizer perpetuates infection***
31
F. buski life cycle
1. adult fluke in intestine 2. eggs passed in feces 3. get to water 4. snail eats eggs 5. cercariae 6. metacercariae on aquatic vegetation 7. human consumes MC on waterchestnuts, bamboo, lotus
32
Paramphistomum cervi
DH: domestic cervids (cows) Problems caused by migration of juveniles from penetrating out of gut to stomach to rumen Control: keep cattle away from low lying vegetation
33
Nanophyetus salmincola
"salmon poising fluke" DH: dogs 1st IH: snails 2nd IH: Salmonids (salmon and trout) RH: Muskellids (skunk and racoon-->do not experience salmon poisoning) **hyperparasitism b/c parasite also in fluke**
34
Echinostoma spp.
DH: humans 1st IH: snail 2nd IH: snails, mussels
35
Allaria americane
DH: canids 1st IH: snail 2nd IH: tadpole PH: snakes
36
Intestinal flukes
``` F. buski P. cervi N. salmincola Echinostoma spp. A. americane ```
37
Paragonimus westermani
``` DH: humans 1st IH: snail 2nd IH: fresh water crabs RH: feral cats cosmopolitan in tropics/asia ```
38
P. westermani and P. kellicotti pathology/diagnosis/treatment
chronic cough, more if wandering worms fecal or sputum smear Proziquantel
39
Paragonimus kellicotti
DH: animals only unless you're drunk and have been dared 1st IH: snail 2nd IH: crayfish
40
Control strategies for all flukes
snail control: molluskocides kill indiscriminately vaccine/drug development increased sanitation: indoor plumbing/latrines keep animals from water vegetation change human behavior
41
Cestoda
tapeworms all heteroxenous except 2 parasitic to all classes of vertebrates
42
Tegument
lining around outside of cestode body | increases surface area and nutrient uptake
43
Proglottids
segments of cestode | can mate with themselves or other worms
44
Gravids
oldest teguments filled with eggs break off from body, released through feces
45
Strobila
all proglottid segments of cestode
46
Pseudophyllidean vs cyclophyllidean
Pseudo: no oral suckers. Bothria instead & eggs released through birth pore into feces Cyclo: 4 oral suckers. gravids released through feces
47
metacestode
juvenile stage. infective to DH
48
Stages pseudophyllidean life cycle
coracidium: infective to IH procercoid: develops inside 1st IH pleraceroid: develops inside 2nd IH
49
stages cyclephyllidean life cycle
``` cysticerroid cysticercus strobilocerus coencerus hydratid *all inside IH, infective to DH* ```
50
Caryophyllidean
``` third class of cestoda Archgetes spp. ```
51
Archigetes spp.
unsegmented worms DH: bottom feeding fishes IH: aquatic oligochaetes have single set of reproductive organs
52
Neotany
sexual maturation of juvenile. happens in Achigetes spp. | can produce own eggs and infect more IHs.
53
Pseudophyllideans
Diphyllobothrium latum
54
D. latum
``` Broad Fish tapeworm DH: humans 1st IH: copepod 2nd IH: fish RH: lots DH infective stage: plerocercoid ```
55
D. latum pathology/diagnosis/treatment/transmission
verminous intoxication=nausea, diarrhea + vit b12 deficiency fecal smear for eggs Praziquantel eating undercooked fish (Jewish grandmothers)
56
Sparganosis
result of infection by spargamun=pleraceroid of unknown origin
57
Contraction of sparganosis
1. drinking water with infected copepods 2. eating reptiles, amphibians, pigs, cats 3. traditional medical practices
58
Treatment/diagnosis of sparganosis
surgery and praziquantel | physical identification of sparganum
59
Taenia saginata
``` "Human Beef Tapeworm" DH; Humans IH: cattle cosmopolitan anywhere beef is eaten infective stage to humans: cysticercus ```
60
Species Schistosoma
``` S. haematobium S. mansoni S. japonicum S. mekongi S. intercalatum ```
61
location/disease of S. haematobium
pelvic veins | urinary schistosomiasis
62
location/disease other 4 forms Schistosoma
mesenteric veins | intestinal schistosomiasis
63
Important Life cycle part Schistosoma
Egg: contains miracidium (infective to snail IH) Cercariae: released in water, infective to humans
64
Rhlotaxis
cercariae are motionless in water until they feel vibrations of possible host to save limited energy
65
Pathology Schistosoma
liver fibrosis impaired circulation portal hypertension hepatosplenomegaly
66
Treatment/Control Schistosoma
Praziquantel (Merck to give free drugs for indefinite future) vaccine (unlikely in near future) increased sanitation snail control--indiscriminate killer
67
Pathology/Diagnosis/Treatment/control T. saginata
asymptomatic fecal smear for gravids, look for 15-20 lateral branches Praziquantel Don't defecate in cow pastures, freeze meat for a week
68
Taenia solium
Human Pork Tapeworm DH: humans IH: pigs, human
69
Pathology/diagnosis treatment adult T. solium
asymptomatic fecal smear for gravids look for 7-13 lateral branches praziquantel
70
Pathology/diagnosis/treatment cysticercosis
swiss cheese brain, other problems because of inflammation imaging (ultra sound, MRI) surgery
71
Taenia pisiformis
DH: dogs IH: rabbits infective stage: cysticerus identified by square gravids in feces
72
Taenia taeniaformis
DH: cats IH: rats Infective stage: strobilocerus
73
Taenia multiceps
DH. canines IH; sheep infective stage: coenerus (softball sized) If human ingests eggs, dead end intermediate host
74
Dipilidium caninum
``` Double Poored tapeworm cosmopolitan DH: dogs (humans if they eat fleas) IH: fleas Gravids identified by lots of visible eggs ```
75
Hymenolepis dimunata
``` DH: rats, humans IH: grain beetles (Tenebrionadae) asymptomatic fecal smear for gravids model parasite for tapeworms ```
76
Hymenolepis nana
``` Dwarf tapeworm DH: humans IH: beetles OPTIONAL infective stage: cysticercoid if human consumes eggs, cysticercoid can develop in villi, mature, and travel to gut. ```
77
Blood flukes
S. mansoni S. japonicum S. heamatobium
78
Lung flukes
Paragonimus westermani | P. kellicoti
79
cyclophylidea
``` T. saginata T. solium D. caninum T. pisiformis T. taeniaformis T. multiceps H. dimunata H. nana Echinococcus granulosus E. multiocularis ```
80
Echinococcus granulosus
``` causes Echinococcosis 3 segmented worm (very small) DH. carnivores IH: herbivores **humans only act as accidental IH, never get adult worms** cosmopolitan sylvatic cycles: 1. wolf-moose 2. wolf-reindeer 3. lion-warthog Domestic cycles: 1. dog-sheep (most important) Infective stage: hydatid ```
81
Transmission E. granulosus
1. Kenyan tribe eats dog intestine 2. Turkana tribe does not bury dead; leaves them for animals 3. dogs fed hydatid and dogs lick children 4. tanners in Lebanon use dog feces in tanning 5. sheep herding
82
E. granulosus pathology/diagnosis/treatment
dependent on location of hydatid. If reptures, anafalactic shock, death MRI or ultrasound imaging usually surgery if accessible or Abendazole
83
E. multilocularis
DH; dog, fox IH: rodents Infective stage: multilocular hydatid (spreads through body like cancer)
84
Pathology/diagnosis/treatment E. multiolularis
depends on location imaging but often mistaken for malignant tumor very difficult. Abendazole ok. Praziquantel stimulates growth
85
Two worms that are/can be monoxenous
Archigetes spp. | H. nana
86
Worms whose eggs cause pathology in humans
``` P. kellicotti sparganosis T. solium (swiss cheese brain) H. nana E. granulosis E. multilocularis ```

Parasitology (3 decks)

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