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Parasitology > Flagellates/Amoeba/Apicomplexans > Flashcards

Flagellates/Amoeba/Apicomplexans Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

American Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
Hosts

A

DH: humans
RH: dogs, cats, armadillos, sloths, etc
IH: Kissing/Assassin bugs

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2
Q

Kissing Bug

Family, Order, Geni

A

Hemipitera
Reduviidae
Triatoma spp/Rhodnius spp/Paristrongylus spp

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3
Q

T. cruzi life cycle

A 
Trpyomastigote in blood of DH
bug ingests Tryps
Tryps becomes epimastigote in bug gut. Asexual rep.
Epi to Trypomastigote
bug feeds and shits on DH
DH scratches eggs into skin, eyes, mouth
Amastigote in smooth muscles cells of DH
Relicates, bursts cell (psuedocyst)
Amastigote back to trypomastigote
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4
Q

Acute American Trypanosmiasis

A

mostly in children
chagoma (red nodule at bit site)
Romanas sign (when in eye)
fever, chills

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5
Q

Chronic American Trypanosomiasis

A

in adults
mega heart/colon/esophagus/
result: death

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6
Q

Treatment American Tryps.

A

none

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7
Q

Diagnosis American Tryps.

A

Xenodiagnosis (let clean bugs feed on host)

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8
Q

African Trypanosomiasis

“African Sleeping Sickness”

A

Trypanosoma brucei brucei
T. brucei rhodesiense
T. brucei gambiense

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9
Q

T. brucei brucei
T. conyolense
T. evansi
T. equiperdum

A

in animals only.

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10
Q

alternate transmission T. cruzi

A

blood transfusions, transplacental, transmammary, sexually

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11
Q

T. brucei rhodesiense

A

shanker formation at bite sight
swelling of lymph notes
waves of fever in response to levels of parasites
cardiac involvement-result of death

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12
Q

T. brucei gambiense

A

central nervous system involvement leads to death

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13
Q

T. brucei diagnosis

A

CAAT test: tests for antibodies in blood sample.

to diagnose acute or chronic, Lumbar puncture

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14
Q

T. brucei treatment

A

Melarsoprol: arsenic based drug. ACUTE ONLY
Eflornothine: expensive IV drip

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15
Q

T. brucei control

A

suppress vector: clear brush, spray insecticide, Nzi traps

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16
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

DH: humans
IH vector: Sand fly (genii: Phlebotomus spp., Lutzomia spp.)
RH: lots—–>zoonotic disease

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17
Q

Leishmaniasis life cycle

A
  1. Amastigote in blood
  2. ingested by sand fly
  3. In gut becomes promastigote
  4. To cardiac valve of pharyngeal pump
  5. promastigote degrades valve so it cannot keep contents in stomach
  6. fly feeds, parasites get into DH
  7. DH macrophage engulfs prmastigote.
  8. Becomes amastigote, replicates
  9. repeat
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18
Q

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

mildest form
Leishmania tropica & Leishmania major
self-innoculation with skin scrapings of infected person

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19
Q

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania braziliensis
ulcer/legion forms in soft tissue (mouth palette, cartilage of nose)
Secondary infections, social stigma

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20
Q

Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania donovani
“Dum Dum Fever” or “Kala Azar”
Infects immune system and destroys macrophages
severe anemia, malnutrition, secondary infection, hepatosplenomegaly (swelling of spleen)

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21
Q

Diagnosis Leishmaniasis

A

skin, blood, bone marrow sample depending on the strain

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22
Q

treatment Leishmaniasis

A

Miltefosine

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23
Q

“post Kala Azar”

A

if patient does not finish treatment of Leishmaniasis, gets big red papules on skin

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24
Q

Control Leishmaniasis

A

difficult because of variety of species of sand fly and RJ

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25
Giardia duodenalis
DH: human Monoxenous life cycle RH: beaver, muskrat, gods, cows
26
Giardia duodenalis life cycle
1. Trophozoite in human gut 2. cysts in colon, passed with feces * cysts can survive in water, on produce* 3. human ingests cysts 4. Cysts to trophoziote
27
Diagnosis Giardia duodenalis
fecal smear
28
Treatment G. duodenalis
Metronidazole | wait it out for 1-2 weeks
29
Trichomonas vaginalis
cosmopolitan monoxenous, sexually transmitted No cysts stage---->cannot exist outside body Men: asymptomatic, some females: white/green discharge
30
T. vaginalis treatment
Metronidazole
31
Trichomonas gallinae
DH: gallinaceous birds monoxenous withouth cysts transmitted through regurgitating and feeding young
32
Histomonas meleagridis
causes "Black Head Turkey Disease" | DH: turkeys & chicken
33
H. meleagridis life cycle
1. trophoziote in turkey/chicken gut 2. Troph replicate binary fisson 3. cecal nematode (IH) Heteralsis gallinarum consumes trohpoziote 4. Trophoziote get in nematode eggs 5. Eggs passed with feces. Can live outside for up to two years 6. Turkey consumes eggs 7. eggs hatch, bird is infected with both nemotod & troph * **PH: earthworms. Bird eats worm, gets infected****
34
Entamoeba histolytica
monoxenous DH: humans cosmopolitan
35
Symptoms/repercussions E. histolytica
amebic dysentery | holes in intestine, parasite spread to liver, lung, brain, skin
36
Life cycle E. histolytica
1. trophozoites in human gut 2. cysts in colon 3. cysts passed with feces 4. human ingests cysts * *alternate transmission: anilingus***
37
Diagnosis E. histolytica
fecal smear for cysts. may need to do multiple
38
Treatment E. histolytica
Flagyl (same as Giardia)
39
Eimeria tenella
belong to Coccidians subgroup monoxenous DH: chickens
40
E. tenella life cycle
1. chicken ingests oocyst 2. oocyst releases sporozoites 3. invade cells, become trophozoites 4. Then are schizont-meiotic divisions occur 5. merozoites produce (daughter cells) * **steps 3-5 repeated three times**** 6. macro, micro gametocytes produced 7. macro, micro gametes merge to zygote 8. oocyst formed, passed with feces * **oocyst has 4 sporocysts with 2 sporozoites inside****
41
human practice effecting transmission E. tenella
farming with high herd/flock population density
42
Toxoplasma gandii
heteroxenous DH: felines IH: anything warm blooded cosmopolitan
43
Toxoplasma gandii life cycle
1. bradyzoite in gut of cat 2. trophozoite 3. schizont 4. merozoite 5. gametocystes 6. gametes 7. zygote 8. oocysts (has 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites inside) 9. oocyst passed in feces 10. IH eats oocyst 11. sporozoites inside cells 12. replicates quickly as tachyzoite in tissues 13. immune response 14. bradyzoites 15. zoitocyst (dormant) 16. cat eats IH, bradyzoites reactivated. * **merozoites can become trophozoites and continue replicating***
44
Humans and Toxoplasma gandii
- dead-end host - healthy adults asymptomatic, build premunition - immuncompromised people cannot control infection - if pregnant women infected, fetus risks retardation, cranial swelling, spontaneous abortion
45
Treatment Toxoplasma gandii
tachyzoites can be treated bradyzoites cannot **never cleared of parasite, just controlled***
46
Cryptosporidium parvum
``` DH: humans RH: many monoxenous Healthy people clear infection in 1.5-2 weeks immunocompromised people at big risk ```
47
Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle
1. human ingests oocyst 2. sporozoites 3. trophozoite 4. schizont 5. merozoite 6. gametocyst 7. gamete 8. zygote 9. thin walled or thick walled oocyst * **thin walled auto-infect host. never leave body** 10. thick walled oocyst leave in feces--infective immediately
48
Nosocomial infection
hospital acquired
49
5 plasmodium species
1. P. falciparum 2. P. vivax 3. P. malariae 4. P. ovale 5. P. knowlesi
50
Daignosis malaria
traditionally: blood smear modern: molecular diagnostics
51
P. vivax special life stage
hypnozoite: dormant stage | exists in human liver for up to 8 years
52
P. malariae special life stage
Recvudesence: parasite exists at low levels for up to 50 years common cause of transfusion malaria
53
Malaria life cycle ha good luck
1. mosquito injects sporozoite into human 2. invade human liver hepatocyst (liver cells) 3. trophozoites 4. schizont 5. merozoite 6. invades red blood cells 7. trophozoite 8. schizont 9. merozoite * **merozoite can go back and invade blood cells**** 10. micro/macro gametocysts 11. mosquito feeds, takes up gametocysts 12. micro/macro gametes 13. zygote (ookinete) 14. sporozoite 15. invade salivary glands of mosquito 16. mosquito blood feeds and transfers sporozoites
54
Malaria vector
Anopheles gambiae
55
Signs/Symptoms malaria
chills, fever, confusion, coma, headache | anemia, splenomegaly, black urine
56
Malaria Control
vector control (spraying and habitat modification, screens and bed nets) Anti-malaria drugs Vaccine is unlikely
57
Babesia bigema: Hosts
DH: cattle IH: Boophilus annulatus tick Tick spends all life stages on same host. Parasite transmitted when eggs are released from tick. Apicomplexa
58
Balantidium coli
DH; humans RH: pigs monoxenous similar to E. histolytica
59
B. coli lifecycle
Human ingests cycst trophs in gut cysts passed in feces ***no direct troph transmission like with E. histolytica***
60
Diagnosis B. coli
fecal smear for cysts
61
Blood flagellates
Trypanosoma | Leishmania
62
Other flagellates
Giardia duodenalis Trichomonas vaginalis & gallinae Histomonas meleagridis
63
Coccidian Apicomplexa
Eimera tenella Toxoplasma gondii Cryposporidium parvum
64
Haemosporid Apicomplexa
Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, knowlesi | Babesia bigemina
65
Amoeba
E. histolytica, coli, dispar, hartmanni, gingivalis
66
Ciliates
Balantidium coli
67
Diagnosed with fecal smears
G. duodenalis E. histolytica Balantidium coli
68
Diagnosed with blood smear
Leishmania braziliensis | Plasmodium

Parasitology (3 decks)

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