Multicellur Orgnisms Flashcards by Rosa Harkness

Step one of mitosis

The chromosomes replicate and become visible. Each chromosomes is two chromatids joined together.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Step 2 of mitosis

The nucleus break down

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Step 3 of mitosis

Chromosomes line up along the equator (middle) of the cell. Spindle fibres attach to the middle of the chromosomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Step 4 of mitosis

Spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart. The chromatid are pulled to opposite ends (poles) of the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Step 5 of mitosis

Separated chromatids are now called chromosomes and nuclear membranes form around them

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Step 6 of mitosis

The cytoplasm splits. Two daughter cells are made

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does mitosis provide in detail

New cell for growth, repair of damaged tissues and replacement of dead or damaged cells.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does mitosis maintain

The diploid chromosome complement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stem cells in animals are

Unspecialised cells which can divide in order to self renew

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do stem cells have the potential to do

They have the potential to become different types of cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are stem cells involved in

Growth and repair

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Specialisation of cell lead to what?
Give examples

Specialisation of cells lead to the formation of a variety of cells, tissues and organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Finish sentence

Groups of _____ which work together form system

Organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s the specialisation of cells hierarchy

Cells——>tissues——>organs—->systems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chromatids definition

The “wings” of an X snapped chromosome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Equator definition

An imaginary line down the middle of a cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spindle fibre definition

Structure that pull the chromatids apart during mitosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s does the nervous system consist of

Central nervous system and other nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the CNS consist of

Brian and spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the cerebrum

Memory and muscle movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What I the function of the cerebellum

Balance and coordination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The function of the medulla

Breathing and heart rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three types of Neurons

Sensory, inter and motor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do receptors detect

Sensory input/stimuli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What messages are carried along Neurons

Electrical impulses

Finish the sentence ______ transfer these ______ between neurons, at ______

Chemical Messages Synapses

What are reflex

Rapid automatic responses that protect the body from harm

What synapse

The space between neurones

What glands release hormones into the blood stream

Endocrine

Where are hormones released

Into the blood stream

What are hormones

Chemical messengers

What is a target tissue

A tissue that has cells with complementary receptor proteins for specific hormones

Why do only certain tissues respond to specific hormones

Because only target tissues have cells with receptor proteins that match the hormone

What allows a hormone to affect a specific tissue

A presence of complementary receptor proteins on the target tissues cell

Role of insulin

A hormone that decreases blood sugar

The role of glucagon

A hormone that increases blood sugar

The role of glycogen

A carbohydrate made of lots of glucose bonded together

The role of the pancreas

The organ that makes insulin

The role of the liver

An organ where glycogen is stored

Target tissue and actions for insulin

Liver- glucose converted to glycogen

Target tissue and actions for glucagon

Liver- glycogen converted to glucose

Are cell diploid or haploid

Diploid

What cells are haploid

Gametes ( sex cells)

Where are the animal gametes produced and the name

Female = Ovaries produce eggs Male= Testes produce sperm

Where are the plant gametes produced and the name

Male = Anther produce pollen Female= ovary produce ovule

How much chromosomes in haploid and diploid

Haploid = 23 Diploid = 46

What is fertilisation

Fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote, which divides to form an embryo

What is discrete variation

A characteristic that can be sorted into a particular group. These are controlled by one gene- single gene inheritance

What is continuous variation

A characteristics that represent a range of numerical values. These are controlled by more than one gene- poly genetic inheritance

Examples of discrete variation

Eye colour Finger Print Shoe size

Example of continuous variation

Height Weight Hair

What is a gene

Unit of chromosomes

What is a allele and example

Form of a gene E.g allele for blue eye Allele for green eyes

Phenotype

Physical appearance

What is a Genotype

Set of genes present

What Is dominant

Allele that shows up in the phenotype

What is recessive

Allele that is masked by the dominant allele. Unless two present show up in phenotype lower case letter

What Is homozygous/true breeding

Alleles in genotype are the same

What is heterozygous

Alleles in genotype are the different

What is P

Parent generation

What is F1

First generation

What is F2

Second generation

What is monohybrid

A genetic cross parental generation through to second generation

Give me reasons why predicted phenotypes ratios among offspring are not always achieved

Because fertilisation is a random process and involves an element of chance

What is spongy Mesophyll cells

A layer of cells which have small space that allows for oxygen to diffuse

What is the feel of mesophyll cells

Palisade or spongy

What is guard cells

Open and close stomata

What is epidermis

Transparent protective layer

What is a stomata

Pores for gas exchange

What is Xylem

Transport water/salt minerals

What is phloem

Transport sugar

What are the vessels in transportation biology

Xylem and phloem

What is the direction of transport in Xylem

Water&minerals are absorbed through root hair cell

What is the direction of transport in Phleom

Leaves to all parts of the plant

Is the xylem tissue dead/live

Dead vessel

Is the xylem tissue dead/live

Living vessels

What is the structural components of the xylem

Hallow tubes Reinforced with strong rings of lignin

What is the structural components of the Phloem

Comprised of sieve tubes and companion cells

The guard and stomata During the day =

They open to allow carbon dioxide to enter for photosynthesis to take place to allow oxygen and water vapour escape

The guard and stomata During the night =

The gonna are closed to conserve energy

What happens to the surface area when water uptake by roots

These cells increase the surface area of the roots for maximum water uptake