Multiple Choice

Question 1

A _________locus exhibits more variation than is expected by mutation.

Answer 1

Polymorphic

Question 2

Genotype are said to be in ___________ equilibrium if there is random mating and no other forces tend to alter the proportions of alleles from one generation to the next.

Answer 2

Hardy-Weinberg

Question 3

A restriction is genetic variability caused by a drastic reduction in population size is called a

Answer 3

Bottleneck effect

Question 4

Darwin proposed that natural selection occurs in an environment by

Answer 4

Favoring heritable features that make the organism better suited to survive and reproduce.

Question 5

When selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes it is called

Answer 5

Directional selection

Question 6

Cheetahs have been through a genetic bottleneck; evidence for this is that

Answer 6

There is very little genetic variability

Question 7

The text discusses sickle-cell anemia, which is a classic example of

Answer 7

Heterozygote advantage

Question 8

Natural selection varies the shape of the beaks among Darwin’s finches in response to:

Answer 8

The available food supply

Question 9

Industrial melanism is a term

Answer 9

Describing the evolutionary process in which initially light-colored organisms become dark as a result of natural selection.

Question 10

The shape of the beaks of Darwin’s finches and industrial melanism are often cited as examples of the process of ____________ leading to evolutionary change.

Answer 10

Natural selection

Question 11

Domestication of dogs has led to

Answer 11

A variety of phenotypes

Question 12

Considerably more phenotypic variation exists in domesticated varieties of species like dogs and cabbages than exists in non-domesticated species like lions and maple trees. Which one of the following statements best explains why this is true?

Answer 12

Many domesticated varieties would not survive in the natural world.

Question 13

Some of the most dramatic evidence for evolution has come from human agriculture. One of the most highly artificially selected crop plants is

Answer 13

Corn

Question 14

Which features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds?

Answer 14

Feathers

Question 15

Many organisms possess structures that have no apparent function, but they resemble structures of presumed ancestors. These structures are known as

Answer 15

Vestigial structures

Question 16

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below or are called

Answer 16

Derived characters

Question 17

Looking at the differences in protein-encoding gene sequences between humans and chimpanzees

Answer 17

There is less than 1% difference

Question 18

Some of the olfactory receptor (OR) genes in humans

Answer 18

Have been inactivated, reducing our olfactory capabilities compared to other primates

Question 19

Another name for analogous structures is _________ structures

Answer 19

Homoplastic

Question 20

The age of the Earth according to modern estimations is

Answer 20

4.5 billion years

Question 21

The oldest microfossils are of

Answer 21

Prokaryotes

Question 22

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by

Answer 22

Endosymbiosis

Question 23

Order from largest to smallest

Answer 23

Class, order, family, genus, species

Question 24

Lacking one of the criteria to be strictly classified as living units and containing fragments of eukaryotic genomes, the viruses are included with

Answer 24

None of the kingdoms

Question 25

Most viruses form a capsid around their nucleus acid core. This capsid is composed of a

Answer 25

Protein

Question 26

The HIV virus is considered a ______ virus, because after getting integrated into the host cell chromosomes, it does not begin replicating immediately

Answer 26

Latent

Question 27

Viruses are characterized by all of the following except

Answer 27

Being capable of independent reproduction

Question 28

If a virus enters the lytic phase in a hosts cell, it will cause

Answer 28

The host cell to burst because there will be so many viral particles present

Question 29

When bacteria are exposed to nutrient-poor conditions, they form thick-walled structures that contain the chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm. These structures are called

Answer 29

Endospores

Question 30

Prokaryotes undergo a process that produces cells that are identical. This process is called

Answer 30

Binary fission

Question 31

In which of the following characteristics are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar?

Answer 31

Contain ribosomes

Question 32

Amoebas move from place to place by means of their

Answer 32

Pseudopods

Question 33

Organisms that are characterized by being unicellular, photosynthetic, and having double shells made of silica are known as

Answer 33

Diatoms

Question 34

The tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chaga's disease, and leishmaniasis are caused by

Answer 34

Trypanosomes

Question 35

Protists are classified into a single kingdom because

Answer 35

They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals

Question 36

The limestone making up the famous landmark in England, the White Cliffs of Dover, are the pore-studded shells (tests) of

Answer 36

Foraminifera

Question 37

Plants lacking well-developed conducting systems such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts have. Even called

Answer 37

Bryophytes

Question 38

Bryophytes, like ferns and certain other non-tracheophyte plants, require

Answer 38

Water to reproduce sexually

Question 39

The colorless rootlike projections of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which anchor them to the substrate are called

Answer 39

Rhizoids

Question 40

Which tissue transport water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots?

Answer 40

Xylem

Question 41

Carbohydrates are transported away from the green parts of the plant by cells of

Answer 41

Phloem

Question 42

Most adult tracheophyte plants represent the

Answer 42

Sporophyte generation

Question 43

Angiosperms are primarily characterized by all of the following except

Answer 43

Free water is required for pollination

Question 44

Endosperm, the nutritive tissue of the fruit, is the product of a

Answer 44

Sperm and polar nuclei union

Question 45

Specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi are called

Answer 45

Mycorrhizae

Question 46

The cell walls of fungi are made up of polysaccharides and

Answer 46

Chitin

Question 47

The most economically useful unicellular fungi are

Answer 47

Yeasts

Question 48

Lichens are adversely affected by

Answer 48

Pollution

Question 49

Protostomes develop through

Answer 49

Spiral cleavage

Question 50

Which is not true about animals?

Answer 50

They were some of the first organisms on the earth

Question 51

Sponges are unique in possessing special flagellated cells whose beating drivings water through the body cavity. These specialized cells are known as

Answer 51

Choanacytes

Question 52

Most species of tapeworms live in the

Answer 52

Intestines of vertebrates

Question 53

Schistosomiasis is a serious disorder afflicting humans mainly in tropical regions; it is caused by a

Answer 53

Fluke

Question 54

The long, flat bodies of tapeworms are made up of repeating segments known as

Answer 54

Proglottids

Question 55

The human disease, trichinosis, is contracted through

Answer 55

Eating undercooked or raw pork

Question 56

Which grouping includes animals referred to as "wheel animals"?

Answer 56

Rotifera

Question 57

Which feature is not found in animals of the phylum Porifera?

Answer 57

Tissues and organs

Question 58

The mollusks do not include

Answer 58

Shrimps

Question 59

The nitrogenous waste in mollusks is removed by

Answer 59

Nephridia

Question 60

Each segment of an annelid typically contains bristles of chitin called

Answer 60

Chaetae

Question 61

Reproduction in the earthworm involves

Answer 61

Cross-fertilization between two hermaphroditic organisms

Question 62

In some Arthropoda tagmatization has produced a combination of head and thorax known as a

Answer 62

Cephalothorax

Question 63

In Arthropoda, locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against

Answer 63

The exoskeleton

Question 64

Compound eyes are composed of independent visual units called

Answer 64

Ommatidia

Question 65

Air passage into the trachea of most insects is controlled by the closing and opening of valves, which operate special openings called

Answer 65

Spiracles

Question 66

An invertebrate biologist is conducting research with crabs. Her interest is ecdysis. This implies that she studies

Answer 66

The molting process

Question 67

Most bony fish have a hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head called the

Answer 67

Operculum

Question 68

Birds, like mammals, can regulate their body temperatures within close limits. Therefore birds and mammals are called

Answer 68

Endothermic

Question 69

In addition to a vertebral column, all vertebrates have

Answer 69

A distinctive head or skull

Question 70

Amphibians are thought to have evolved from

Answer 70

Lobe-finned fish

Question 71

Amphibians are not completely free to live on dry land because

Answer 71

Their reproduction depends on water

Question 72

The most successful terrestrial vertebrates that invaded the air are

Answer 72

Birds

Question 73

Because of its association with tools, the earliest human was called ____________ meaning "handy man."

Answer 73

Homo habilis

Question 74

The European Neanderthals were replaced about 34,000 years ago by

Answer 74

Cro-Magnons

Question 75

Which has the longest fossil record?

Answer 75

Homo erectus

Question 76

Which is not part of loose connective tissue?

Answer 76

Chondroitin

Question 77

In adult vertebrates, which is not one of the four principle kinds of primary tissues?

Answer 77

Connective

Question 78

Mammalian thermoregulation depends on monitoring of blood temperature by the

Answer 78

Hypothalamus

Question 79

Bone cells can remain alive when even though the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with crystals of calcium phosphate. This type of cell is also called an

Answer 79

Osteocyte

Question 80

What are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the "germ layers"?

Answer 80

Mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm

Question 81

Which connective tissue has a matrix that is fluid?

Answer 81

Blood

Question 82

If you find epithelial tissue that has many layers and the apical surface is flattened with irregular edges, this would be classified as:

Answer 82

Stratified squamous

Question 83

Which is also known as striated muscles

Answer 83

Skeletal and cardiac