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POL2022 > multiple choice > Flashcards

multiple choice Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first 10 amendments known as?

A

Bill of Rights

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2
Q

1st amendment

A

free speech

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3
Q

2nd amendment

A

guns

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4
Q

3rd amendment

A

prohibition of soldiers in ppls house w/o consent

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5
Q

4th amendment

A

security from unwarrantable search/seizure

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6
Q

5th amendment

A

criminal/civil proceedings - due process

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7
Q

6th amendment

A

right to public trial

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8
Q

7th amendment

A

right to jury trial

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9
Q

8th amendment

A

forbid cruel and unusual punishment

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10
Q

9th amendment

A

nothing written in the constitution can cancel out later amendments to it

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11
Q

10th amendment

A

federalism - powers not delegated to US given to states

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12
Q

what are inherent powers?

A

powers not specified in the constitution but needed in order to fulfil powers that are

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13
Q

Article 1 of constitution

A

on legislative branch

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14
Q

Article 2 of constitution

A

on executive branch

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15
Q

Article 3 of constitution

A

on judicial branch

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16
Q

Article 4 of constitution

A

on the states

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17
Q

2 major reforms of congress post 1970s, date, significance

A

1973 War Powers Act = limit president ability to conduct war without Congress approval

1974 Budget Impoundment and Control Act = Congress compete with President as budget maker, created budget committees

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18
Q

Representatives are elected every…

A

2 years

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19
Q

Senators are elected every…

A

6 years

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20
Q

Pocket veto

A

President fails to sign legislation within 10 days

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21
Q

Difference between Presidential and Congressional constituencies

A

President = national constituency / broad electoral coalition

Congress = narrow constituency / specific interest

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22
Q

At what level are US political parties based?

A

STATE based

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23
Q

What is split ticket voting - what is it caused by?

A

Vote for different parties for different offices - rise of individualist campaigns

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24
Q

What did the Gringrich reforms of the 90s do? (4)

A
  1. centralise power in the speaker
  2. reduce power of committees
  3. abolished party voting
  4. 6 year term limit on committee chairs (power back to party)
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25
Q

In what way is policy-making decentralised in Congress?

A

Committee and sub-committee chairs –> individualistic decision-making

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26
Q

Bush example of reliance on interest groups to pass legislation

A

2003 Medicare Prescription Drug Bill–> relied on 3 major associations to reform social security

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27
Q

What effect does hyper-pluralism have?

A

Policy-making gridlock –> too many interests, no one can agree

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28
Q

Who did the framers intend to be the main initiator of legislation? Who is it now?

A

Congress –> President

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29
Q

Dual Federalism (period/description)

A

19th/early 20th century

2 layer system - strong states / weak federal government

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30
Q

Cooperative Federalism (period/description)

A

Great Depression

Increased federal power - FDR New Deal
Marble cake

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31
Q

Regulated Federalism (period/description)

A

1960s

Indirect method carrot/stick –>
federal = recipe / states = ingredients
(national standards)
(expansion of federal gov)

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32
Q

New Federalism (period/description)

A

1970s and 80s

Small federal government - devolution
Nixon and Reagan

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33
Q

McCulloch v Maryland (1819) significance

A

Implied powers under necessary and proper clause –> created federal reserve

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34
Q

Obergefell v Hodges (2015)

A

Same sex marriage / full faith and credit clause

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35
Q

Mapp v Ohio (1961)

A

4th amendment - warrant needed for evidence to be valid in court

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36
Q

Miranda v Arizona (1966)

A

5th amendment - rights of accused persons / Miranda Rights

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37
Q

Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

A

Separate but equal

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38
Q

Brown v Board (1954)

A

Overturn PvF as it violated 14th amendment

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39
Q

Bakke v Uni of Cali (1978)

A

Upheld Affirmative Action / cant have quotes but can ask about race

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40
Q

Marbury v Madison (1803)

A

Est judicial review / Chief Justice Marshall

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41
Q

US v Nixon (1974)

A

President cant use Executive Privilege to withhold information from criminal trial

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42
Q

Citizens United v FEC (2010)

A

Corporations and unions unlimited spending on elections

Rise of SuperPACs

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43
Q

Hamdan v Rumsfeld (2006)

A

Bush military commissions illegal - violate Geneva Convention

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44
Q

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

A

Congress right to regulate interstate navigation / commerce clause

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45
Q

12th amendment

A

President and VP have to run together for election

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46
Q

13th amendment

A

abolished slavery

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47
Q

14th amendment

A

citizenship / due process / equal protection

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48
Q

15th amendment

A

right to vote

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49
Q

16th amendment

A

Congress can levy income tax w/o giving it to states

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50
Q

17th amendment

A

direct election of Senators

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51
Q

18th amendment

A

prohibition

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52
Q

19th amendment

A

women vote (1920)

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53
Q

21st amendment

A

repealed prohibition

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54
Q

22nd amendment

A

limit on the number of terms a president can serve (2)

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55
Q

24th amendment

A

cannot deny vote based on non-payment of tax

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56
Q

26th amendment

A

18 year olds get the vote

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57
Q

27th amendment

A

pay rises/decreases of Congress membs

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58
Q

How is a Supreme Court Justice approved?

A

Appointed by president then confirmed in Senate by SIMPLE majority

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59
Q

What is stare decisis?

A

When Supreme Court reject an appeal - lower court decision stands

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60
Q

Constitutional amendment process 1

A
  1. pass in both Houses by 2/3rds SUPER majority

2. Ratified by 3/4ths of STATES

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61
Q

Constitutional amendment process 2

A
  1. Constitutional convention called by 2/3rds of state legislatures
  2. Ratification by 3/4ths of state legislatures/conventions
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62
Q

When did US enter WWII

A

1941

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63
Q

Watergate

A

1974

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64
Q

Name of Committee that investigated watergate

A

Church Committee

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65
Q

What were the revelations that the Church Committee found?

A
  1. FBI carried out smear campaigns of civil rights activists and anti-Vietnam dissidents
  2. CIA opening citizen mail
  3. CIA secret drug tests on unsuspecting victims `
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66
Q

What act attempted to limit plausible denial? How?

A

1974 Hughes-Ryan Act –> President had to review and approach every CIA covert action

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67
Q

What committee was established after Watergate? When?

A

Permanent Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (1976)

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68
Q

What did the Church Committee recommendations establish for the FBI?

A

10 year term limit imposed on FBI directorship

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69
Q

What did the Military Commissions Act (2006) do? (3)

A
  1. Military tribunals of enemy (vague term) combatants
  2. held indefinitely w/o judicial review
  3. amnesty law for the crimes committed during WOT?
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70
Q

Difference between fire-alarm and police-patrol oversight?

A

fire-alarm = dealing with intelligence scandals/failures after they come to light

police-patrol = systematic safeguards to prevent intelligence abuses

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71
Q

When was the US constitution drafted?

A

1787 - Constitutional Convention in Pennsylvania

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72
Q

Articles of the Confederation date

A

1777-1789

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73
Q

Why did the Articles of the Confederation fail?

A

no executive / no central gov / each state 1 vote

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74
Q

Shay’s Rebellion date and significance

A

1786-87 Massachusetts

Demonstrated need to regulate interstate commerce and regulate westward expansion

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75
Q

What was the great compromise?

A

Bicameral legislature
House of Reps = based on population
Senate = equal (2 seats)

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76
Q

What was the plan called that favoured small states?

A

New Jersey Plan

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77
Q

What was the plan called that favoured big states?

A

Virginia Plan

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78
Q

what was the 3/5ths compromise?

A

Benefitted large slave-owning states / every 3 of 5 slaves counted towards population –> Southern states would only join US if slavery was protected

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79
Q

Expressed powers

A

Powers explicitly given to the federal gov by the constitution

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80
Q

Supremacy clause

A

Federal laws override state if there is conflict

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81
Q

Elastic clause also known as?

A

Necessary and proper clause / Congress can interpret the constitution

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82
Q

When was the last time Congress declared war

A

1941

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83
Q

Concurrent powers

A

Held by both State and Fed e.g. taxes

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84
Q

Police powers (3)

A
  1. Family law
  2. Professions e.g. bar exam
  3. States dictate what is legal and punishment
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85
Q

How many federal employees were there in 2015?

A

4.2mil

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86
Q

What % of government does the Dept of Defence compromise?

A

75% - 3.2mil employees

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87
Q

Which is the oldest federal law enforcement office?

A

US Marshals

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88
Q

Which is the only independent federal agency?

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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89
Q

Abolition of slavery

A

1863 - emancipation proclamation

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90
Q

US civil war

A

1861-65

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91
Q

What is fiscal federalism?

A

Looks at the financial relations between fed and state govs

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92
Q

What are the 4 guarantees a state has?

A
  1. equal representation in the Senate
  2. Jurisdictional integrity
  3. Republican form of government
  4. Protection against invasion
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93
Q

What is the goal of federalism?

A

solve the tension between central authority and local autonomy

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94
Q

What are block grants?

A

Money that can be spent on whatever by states - more control

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95
Q

What are categorical grants?

A

Specific programmes/strings attached

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96
Q

3 types of law

A
  1. Criminal
  2. Civil
  3. Public (constitutional)
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97
Q

How are the federal courts organised?

A

Geography

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98
Q

How does a case end up in Supreme Court? (5)

A
  1. Broken federal law
  2. Treaties w/ foreign states
  3. Constitutional dispute
  4. Civil case more than $70,000 at stake
  5. Involves citizens of more than 1 state
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99
Q

Levels of federal courts (3)

A

Trial courts (bottom) –> Appellate court –> Supreme Court

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100
Q

What is judicial review?

A

Power of judiciary to strike down actions of executive and congress as unconsitutional

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101
Q

Significance of US v Curtiss-Wright Export Corp (1936)

A

Supreme Court ruling in favour of President as ‘sole organ of fed gov’ in international relations/foreign policy

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102
Q

What is the significance of Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co v Sawyer (1952)?

A

Supreme Court rule against President in area of foreign policy in favour of Congress

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103
Q

Who decides how many Justices sit on the Court?

A

Congress - as laid out in Article 3

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104
Q

What is original jurisdiction?

A

Where SC can try a case for the first time, bypassing appellate courts

105
Q

When does original jurisdiction apply? (4)

A
  1. foreign policy
  2. state v state
  3. US v a state
  4. between individual and state
106
Q

What does ‘standing’ mean in relation to SC cases?

A

Each party has to have significant stake in the outcome and injury

107
Q

What does ‘mootness’ mean in relation to SC cases?

A

Case has to be relevant - cannot have been previously resolved

108
Q

When does ‘mootness’ not apply?

A

Pregnancy –> even if has come to term Roe v Wade

109
Q

How long is a lawyer given to present case to SC?

A

30 mins - justices can stop you at any point to ask questions

110
Q

What important legal document establishes precedence?

A

Opinion writing –> affects whole legal system

111
Q

Significance of Furman v Georgia (1972) (2)

A
  1. Ruled that states must get rid of bias in capital punishment rulings as blacks disproportionately given sentence
  2. Capital punishment constitutional
112
Q

When was the constitution ratified?

A

1788

113
Q

When did the constitution come into effect?

A

1789

114
Q

How many justices sit on SC currently?

A

9

115
Q

What type of power is judicial review?

A

implied

116
Q

What % of the US public can be described as ‘attentive’?

A

10%

117
Q

How many representatives are there in the House?

A

435

118
Q

How are number of representatives allocated to the House?

A

Population = 1 per 600,000

119
Q

How many Senators are there?

A

100 - 2 per state

120
Q

What are the powers of Congress? (8)

A
  1. Tax
  2. Debt
  3. Borrow & coin money
  4. Regulate commerce
  5. Copyright&patent power
  6. Post office
  7. Declare war
  8. Raise army/navy
121
Q

Exclusive powers of the House (3)

A
  1. Consider all money bills first
  2. vote on impeachment
  3. choose president if electoral college deadlocked
122
Q

Exclusive powers of the Senate (4)

A
  1. Ratify treaties (2/3rs majority)
  2. Confirm executive appointments
  3. Try impeachment
  4. Choose VP if electoral college deadlocked
123
Q

Concurrent powers of Congress (4)

A
  1. Pass legislation
  2. Override Pres veto
  3. Initiate constitutional amendments
  4. declare war
124
Q

Difference between trustee and delegate representation?

A

Trustee = Congress men act in the way they think best

Delegate = do what the people want

125
Q

What is case work?

A

Congressmen working on behalf of their constituents

126
Q

What % of Reps and Senators are re-elected every election?

A

90%

127
Q

What is the effect called when Congress women get better benefits for their constituents?

A

Jackie and Jill Robinson Effect

128
Q

How much more federal funding do districts receive if they are represented by women?

A

9% / $50mil

129
Q

How a bill becomes law (6 steps)

A
  1. Submission
  2. Committee deliberation
  3. House rules committee
  4. Floor debate
  5. Conference committee
  6. President sign or veto
130
Q

External factors that influence Congress decisions (2)

A
  1. Constituency - electoral connection

2. Interest groups - campaign contributions/lobbying/information/mobilise voters

131
Q

Internal factors that influence Congress decisions

A

Party discipline

  • Committee assignments
  • Access to the floor (controlled by Speaker)
  • Whip system
  • Logrolling
132
Q

How is the party leader decided and how often?

A

Every 2 years at Party caucus

133
Q

Who decides committee membership?

A

Party leader

134
Q

What does the ways and means committee deal with?

A

Taxation

135
Q

What does the House rules committee deal with?

A

Bills - decides amendments on all Bills
- How much floor time it’ll get
Close/open rule

136
Q

What does the Appropriations committee deal with?

A

Money = power of the purse / allocate funds for whole government

137
Q

Committee on Committees function?

A

decides who gets to go on committees

138
Q

What is the seniority system?

A

How long unbroken membership on a committee = hierarchy system

139
Q

How many staffers across whole Congress?

A

11,000

140
Q

What is the close/open rule?

A 
Close = limit debate and number of amendments allowed on bill
Open = more difficult to get bill through
141
Q

How many votes do you need to kill a filibuster?

A

60 / 3/5

142
Q

Function of the Conference committee?

A

decides what a bill should look like - from both Houses of Congress

143
Q

How many votes does congress need to overturn president veto?

A

2/3rds in BOTH houses

144
Q

What is logrolling?

A

Favour/vote trading

145
Q

How to impeach a president in House and Senate?

A 
House = simple majority 
Senate = supermajority
146
Q

What requires a supermajority to pass as mandated by the Constitution? (5)

A
  1. amendments
  2. impeachment
  3. ratification of treaties
  4. override a veto
  5. if cabinet tries to impeach president
147
Q

Who is the most powerful senator?

A

Majority leader

148
Q

Who is the most powerful representative?

A

Speaker

149
Q

What where the elections where the Democrats lost their dominance in Congress?

A

1994

150
Q

How much can an individual contribute to a campaign?

A

$2,000

151
Q

What type of committees are the most influential?

A

Finance

152
Q

What decided who the chairperson of a committee will be?

A

From the majority party

153
Q

Name 3 waves of reform in Congress and their significance

A
  1. 1970s Chairpersons removed from pinnacles of power
  2. 1980s power back to party leadership
  3. 2006 reduce earmarking and outside influence of lobbyists
154
Q

Formal powers of the Speaker (4)

A
  1. Votes in the event of a tie
  2. create ad hoc committees
  3. controls flow of legislation
  4. recognises who is to speak
155
Q

Who appoints the whips?

A

Majority/minority floor leaders

156
Q

Who is the president pro temper?

A

longest-serving senator of majority party

157
Q

Criticisms of Congress (3)

A
  1. fragmentation - not coherent policy-making body due to committees
  2. Failure of oversight - approval of appointments based on politics not qualification
  3. Failure to deal with crises - partisanship / special interest
158
Q

4 building blocks of electoral connection

A
  1. ambition = seek reelection
  2. autonomy = independent from party
  3. responsiveness = demands of constituents
  4. accountability = punish/reward through reelection
159
Q

When was the Progressive Era?

A

1890-1920

160
Q

Eligibility for Presidential office (3)

A
  1. 35 y/o
  2. US born citizen
  3. 14 years resident
161
Q

Formal powers of President (6)

A
  1. Head of State
  2. Chief Exec
  3. Commander in Chief
  4. Chief diplomat/foreign policy maker
  5. Chief legislator
  6. Veto
162
Q

Date the imperial presidency

A

1945-73 - Truman to Nixon

163
Q

Date the imperilled presidency

A

1973-80 Nixon to Carter

164
Q

Date the post-modern presidency

A

1981-2001 Reagan to GW Bush

165
Q

How many votes did Clinton survive impeachment

A

17

166
Q

how many votes did Andrew Jackson survive impeachment

A

1

167
Q

What was the effect of the Louisiana Purchase and what President?

A

Increased size of US by 1/3 - Jefferson

168
Q

Which President was responsible for the creation of nationwide political parties?

A

Andrew Jackson

169
Q

Which President can be attributed for War Powers?

A

Lincoln –> didn’t ask Congress to go to war during Civil War & suspended Habeas Corpus

170
Q

Which President is attributed for the birth of the modern presidency?

A

FDR

171
Q

Which President is attributed for the creation of the national security state?

A

Truman –> National Security Act 1947

172
Q

Which President is attributed for the creation of the modern Republican party?

A

Reagan

173
Q

Date the limited presidency

A

1789-1932 –> Congress dominant branch

174
Q

Date the Modern Presidency

A

1932-45

175
Q

3 Presidential management style and their associated presidents

A
  1. Competitive - FDR
  2. Formal - Truman
  3. Collegial - Kennedy
176
Q

Academic that talks about Presidential character type

A

James David Barber

177
Q

Academic that writes on effective leadership qualities for president

A

Fred Greenstein

178
Q

6 qualities for effective presidential leadership - Greenstein

A
  1. Public communication
  2. Management skills
  3. Political skills
  4. Policy vision
  5. Cognitive intelligence
  6. Emotional intelligence
179
Q

Open primary

A

Voters can vote for either party

180
Q

Closed primary

A

Only open to recognised party members

181
Q

How are democratic delegates assigned

A

Proportionally

182
Q

How are republican delegates assigned?

A

Winner take all

183
Q

Measures of presidential success (3)

A
  1. Public approval ratings
  2. Economy
  3. Foreign policy
184
Q

What is a rescission

A

When a president impounds congressionally allocated funds

185
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

1823

186
Q

Roosevelt Corollary

A

1904

187
Q

Vietnam War

A

1950-1975

188
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

1962

189
Q

Korean War

A

1950-53

190
Q

Significance and date of NSC-68

A

basis for the militarisation of the Cold War - 1950

191
Q

NATO founded

A

1949

192
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

1947

193
Q

Escalation of Vietnam war

A

1965-68

194
Q

Détente

A

1971-79

195
Q

Bush Doctrine

A

Unilateralism and preemptive war

196
Q

From whom was Alaska purchased? When?

A

Russia - 1863

197
Q

Peak amount of troops in Vietnam - when?

A

500,000 - 1968

198
Q

How much was spent by US during Cold War?

A

$3.7 trillion

199
Q

3 types of foreign a defence policy

A
  1. Strategic
  2. Crisis management
  3. Logistical/structural
200
Q

What makes intelligence?

A

Information that has been collected and PROCESSED

201
Q

Intelligence cycle (5)

A
  1. Management
  2. Data gathering
  3. Interpretation
  4. Analysis/reporting
  5. Distribution
202
Q

6 types of data source

A
  1. Signals intelligence
  2. Human
  3. Imagery
  4. Measurement and signature
  5. Geospatial
  6. Open-Source (publicly available)
203
Q

Biggest intelligence agency

A

CIA

204
Q

6 types of intelligence failures

A
  1. threat warning
  2. threat response
  3. opportunity warning
  4. opportunity response
  5. vulnerability identification
  6. vulnerability amelioration
205
Q

4 types of covert ops

A
  1. propaganda
  2. political
  3. economic
  4. paramilitary
206
Q

What is the average turnout for presidential elections?

A

60%

207
Q

2 ways to calculate turnout

A
  1. total of all voting age adults (includes those who aren’t eligible)
  2. voting eligible adults? (difficult to calculate number of non-citizens)
208
Q

What did the motor voter bill do?

A

Make it easier to register to vote (1993)

209
Q

What is the Australian ballot?

A

ballot produced by the state and has all the candidates names on

210
Q

What is a states ‘electors’ allocated by?

A

Number of congress members the state has

211
Q

How many votes are needed in the electoral college to secure presidency?

A

270

212
Q

Who redraws electoral districts?

A

independent commissions

213
Q

What was the Hunt Commission?

A

1982 - Democrat party recommend superdelegates –> more party involvement in election

214
Q

What is it called when primaries are held early on in the season?

A

Frontloading

215
Q

Spending per head in the US on campaigns

A

£11.50

216
Q

what is a 501 group?

A

Social welfare organisations that can spend on campaign activity - must disclose spending but NOT donors

217
Q

what is a 527 group?

A

Super PAC

218
Q

How much did conservative 501 groups spend in 2012 election?

A

$263 million

219
Q

How much did liberal 501 groups spend in 2012?

A

$35 mil

220
Q

What must super PACs disclose?

A

Both SPENDING and DONORS

221
Q

Significance and date of Buckley v Valeo

A

1976 - money = free speech

222
Q

What is a delegate?

A

Individuals who represent the state at the national party convention

223
Q

What were the aims of the Fraser-McGovern reforms?

A

Limit party corruption - led to growth of primaries

224
Q

What is a superdelegate?

A

Representative of elite, un-committed voters

225
Q

How many elected posts does the US have?

A

530,000

226
Q

What is the average turn out for congressional elections?

A

50%

227
Q

What is it called when the non-majority party gets voted in even when the other is still the natural ‘majority party’

A

Deviating election

228
Q

What type of election is it when the majority party is kept in office?

A

Maintaining election

229
Q

What does the ‘American voter’ thesis argue?

A

That the psychological majority party are the Democrats

230
Q

Requirements of Super PACs

A

INDEPENDENT and UNCOORDINATED from campaign

231
Q

What is a binding primary/caucus?

A

all or a portion of delegates are bound to vote according to the results at the national convention

232
Q

What can Super PACs spend on?

A

Forms of SPEECH - cannot spend during invisible primary

233
Q

Goal of interest group

A

INFLUENCE government NOT win office

234
Q

How many interest groups were there in 2014?

A

30,000+

235
Q

Which is the academic that talks about the ‘free rider’ problem?

A

Olson 1967

236
Q

What is ‘Disturbance Theory’? (1951)

A

David Truman theory on how interest groups are formed –> collective action of like-minded individuals

237
Q

What are the 3 types of incentives/benefits that interest groups can offer?

A
  1. material benefits
  2. social benefits
  3. purposive benefits
238
Q

Types of interest groups (5)

A
  1. economic
  2. labour
  3. professional
  4. single-issue
  5. public
239
Q

Interest group resources (3)

A
  1. members
  2. information/expertise
  3. money
240
Q

How many official registered lobbyists are there in DC?

A

12,000

241
Q

What is the solution to Olson’s free rider problem?

A

selective incentives

242
Q

Interest group functions (5)

A
  1. representation
  2. participation
  3. education
  4. agenda setting
  5. programme monitoring
243
Q

What can interest groups NOT do with their money?

A

directly contribute to campaigns

244
Q

What CAN interests groups do with their money?

A

create PACs –> $15,000 to party/year

$5,000 to candidate

245
Q

How much are individuals limited to spending on elections?

A

$2,700

246
Q

Examples of outside lobbying (3)

A
  1. media
  2. protests
  3. court cases
247
Q

What does the Iron triangle describe?

A

the relationship between:

  1. interest group
  2. bureaucracy/ relevant executive department
  3. relevant congressional committee
248
Q

What is the central assumption of the iron triangle concept?

A

That bureaucracies seek to create and consolidate their own power base

249
Q

What are the policy implications of iron triangles?

A

porkbarrel politics –> benefitting narrow interest

250
Q

methods used to stop African americans voting (4)

A
  1. poll tax
  2. literacy test
  3. grandfather clause
  4. white primary
251
Q

Types of congressional committees (5)

A
  1. standing - meets regularly
  2. select - special purposes
  3. joint - both senate and reps
  4. conference - disagreements on legislation
  5. subcommittee - subdivision of main committee
252
Q

What did the 2002 electoral reform act do?

A

banned soft-money contributions to political parties except in 30 days before primary and 60 days before general election

253
Q

Formation of Democratic party

A

1828

254
Q

Formation of Republican party

A

1854

255
Q

What is framing?

A

power of the media to influence how events and issues are interpreted

256
Q

What is jamming?

A

overloading viewers with the belief that objectivity is a myth –> don’t believe anything

257
Q

How much faster does fake news spread than truth?

A

x6 quicker/further/deeper

258
Q

2 types of criticism

A
  1. procedural

2. substantive

POL2022 (2 decks)

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