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EEPS 110 > Multiple Choice Questions > Flashcards

Multiple Choice Questions Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is the most abundant element on Earth?

A

oxygen

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2
Q

What is the rigid outer layer of the Earth that is divided into tectonic plates?

A

lithosphere

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3
Q

What is the name of the region along which earthquakes tend to occur in subduction zones?

A

Benioff-Wadati zone

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4
Q

What is the mechanism that causes melting at divergent plate boundaries?

A

decompression

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5
Q

What is the mechanism that causes melting along convergent plate boundaries (in subduction zones)?

A

flux/dewatering

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6
Q

What location on Earth did we discuss in class where a mid-ocean ridge system is exposed on land?

A

Iceland

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7
Q

What type of boundary is originally associated with the youngest oceanic crust?

A

mid-ocean ridge

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8
Q

What specific type of plate boundary is associated with large mountain belts and no volcanic activity?

A

continent-continent collision

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9
Q

What specific type of plate boundary is associated with deep trenches immediately adjacent to high mountains?

A

ocean-continent subduction zone

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10
Q

What type of plate boundary is expected to be the future site of an ocean basin?

A

continental rift zone

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11
Q

What class of minerals makes up most of the Earth’s crust (and lithosphere)?

A

silicates

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a substance to be considered a mineral?

A

contains silica tetrahedra

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13
Q

In what type of igneous rock would you most likely find quartz?

A

granite

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14
Q

In what type of sedimentary rock would most likely find quartz?

A

sandstone

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15
Q

What rock texture is most commonly associated with plutonic (intrusive) igneous rocks?

A

phaneritic

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16
Q

According to Bowen’s reaction series, which mineral should crystallize from a magma first?

A

olivine

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17
Q

What type of sedimentary rock would you be most likely to find in an ancient beach environment?

A

shale

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18
Q

What rock is best described as a mafic, plutonic rock?

A

gabbro

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19
Q

What type of sedimentary rock would you most likely find in an ancient lagoon environment?

A

limestone

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20
Q

In what tectonic setting is regional metamorphism most common?

A

continental collision

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21
Q

In what volcanic setting would you NOT expect of find felsic igneous rocks?

A

mid-ocean ridge

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22
Q

What volcanic setting is most closely associated with flood basalt eruptions and large igneous provinces (LIPs)?

A

hot spots

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23
Q

What composition of magma is the LEAST viscous?

A

mafic

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24
Q

What component of magma is associated with explosive eruptions?

A

gases

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25
What volcanic hazard is typically the least threatening to human life?
laval flows
26
What hazard was responsible for triggering the Mount St. Helens eruption? (hint: lateral blast)
landslide
27
Although they only impact populations close to an eruption, what are the deadliest volcanic hazards?
pryoclasitc density currents
28
What composition magma typically generates Plinian eruptions?
felsic
29
What is the most abundant gas released from magma?
H2O (water vapor)
30
What type of seismic wave travels the fastest?
P wave
31
What earthquake hazard of greatest concern in places where the ground is unconsolidated?
liquefaction
32
What is the most likely earthquake hazard a mountain community would face?
landslides
33
What earthquake hazard is usually of highest concern in densely populated (urban) areas?
building collapse
34
Refer to the diagram below from Dr. Morgan's guest lecture. At which point on the diagram do earthquakes occur?
C
35
What type of seismic wave is most destructive?
surface waves
36
In a set of stacked horizontal layers, what stratigraphic principle states the the oldest layer is on the bottom?
superposition
37
What can an unconformity between rock layers indicate?
regression, gap in the stratigraphic recored, and period of erosion or non-deposition
38
What stratigraphic would allow us to correlate the rocks on either side of the Grand Canyon?
lateral continuity
39
Approximately how old are the oldest known rocks on Earth?
4.0 Ga
40
Approximately how old is the Earth?
4.6 Ga
41
What geological period marks the appearance of multicellular life with hard parts (skeletons and shells)?
Cambrian
42
In what era did terrestrial (land) animals and plants first evolve?
Paleozoic
43
In what period were conditions favorable for widespread coal formation?
Carboniferous
44
What age did the genus "Homo" first appear?
2.5 Ma
45
In what period were the Appalachians fully assembled to create the supercontinent Pangea?
Permian
46
Which of the following materials can cause wedging in rocks at or near Earth's surface?
ice, roots, and salt
47
Which of the following atmospheric constituents plays a significant role in chemical weathering?
water
48
Which of the following minerals is most susceptible to dissolution?
calcite
49
Which of the following minerals is most susceptible to oxidation?
olivine
50
What group of minerals form from hydrolysis of silicates?
clays
51
How do lithotrophs derive their energy?
breaking chemical bonds in minerals
52
Which of the following minerals is a product of chemical weathering?
hematite
53
Which of the following common rock-forming minerals essentially does NOT chemically weather?
quartz
54
What type of climate is expected to produce the deepest soils?
tropical
55
What type of climate is most suitable for producing fertile soil?
temperate
56
What type of mass wasting feature consists of a spoon-shaped failure surface with a head scarp that is susceptible to future mass wasting?
slump
57
Which of the following is most likely to trigger a landslide?
heavy rainfall
58
What is the. most common cause of deep subsidence?
groundwater extraction
59
What was the main cause of subsidence in Houston's earliest history?
oil and gas extraction
60
Where is the Houston-Galveston area is the highest amount of subsidence currently happening?
North and west suburbs

EEPS 110 (8 decks)

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