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EEPS 110 > Multiple Choice Questions > Flashcards

Multiple Choice Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant element on Earth?

A

oxygen

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2
Q

What is the rigid outer layer of the Earth that is divided into tectonic plates?

A

lithosphere

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3
Q

What is the name of the region along which earthquakes tend to occur in subduction zones?

A

Benioff-Wadati zone

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4
Q

What is the mechanism that causes melting at divergent plate boundaries?

A

decompression

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5
Q

What is the mechanism that causes melting along convergent plate boundaries (in subduction zones)?

A

flux/dewatering

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6
Q

What location on Earth did we discuss in class where a mid-ocean ridge system is exposed on land?

A

Iceland

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7
Q

What type of boundary is originally associated with the youngest oceanic crust?

A

mid-ocean ridge

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8
Q

What specific type of plate boundary is associated with large mountain belts and no volcanic activity?

A

continent-continent collision

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9
Q

What specific type of plate boundary is associated with deep trenches immediately adjacent to high mountains?

A

ocean-continent subduction zone

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10
Q

What type of plate boundary is expected to be the future site of an ocean basin?

A

continental rift zone

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11
Q

What class of minerals makes up most of the Earth’s crust (and lithosphere)?

A

silicates

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a substance to be considered a mineral?

A

contains silica tetrahedra

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13
Q

In what type of igneous rock would you most likely find quartz?

A

granite

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14
Q

In what type of sedimentary rock would most likely find quartz?

A

sandstone

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15
Q

What rock texture is most commonly associated with plutonic (intrusive) igneous rocks?

A

phaneritic

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16
Q

According to Bowen’s reaction series, which mineral should crystallize from a magma first?

A

olivine

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17
Q

What type of sedimentary rock would you be most likely to find in an ancient beach environment?

A

shale

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18
Q

What rock is best described as a mafic, plutonic rock?

A

gabbro

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19
Q

What type of sedimentary rock would you most likely find in an ancient lagoon environment?

A

limestone

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20
Q

In what tectonic setting is regional metamorphism most common?

A

continental collision

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21
Q

In what volcanic setting would you NOT expect of find felsic igneous rocks?

A

mid-ocean ridge

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22
Q

What volcanic setting is most closely associated with flood basalt eruptions and large igneous provinces (LIPs)?

A

hot spots

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23
Q

What composition of magma is the LEAST viscous?

A

mafic

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24
Q

What component of magma is associated with explosive eruptions?

A

gases

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25
Q

What volcanic hazard is typically the least threatening to human life?

A

laval flows

26
Q

What hazard was responsible for triggering the Mount St. Helens eruption? (hint: lateral blast)

A

landslide

27
Q

Although they only impact populations close to an eruption, what are the deadliest volcanic hazards?

A

pryoclasitc density currents

28
Q

What composition magma typically generates Plinian eruptions?

A

felsic

29
Q

What is the most abundant gas released from magma?

A

H2O (water vapor)

30
Q

What type of seismic wave travels the fastest?

A

P wave

31
Q

What earthquake hazard of greatest concern in places where the ground is unconsolidated?

A

liquefaction

32
Q

What is the most likely earthquake hazard a mountain community would face?

A

landslides

33
Q

What earthquake hazard is usually of highest concern in densely populated (urban) areas?

A

building collapse

34
Q

Refer to the diagram below from Dr. Morgan’s guest lecture. At which point on the diagram do earthquakes occur?

A

C

35
Q

What type of seismic wave is most destructive?

A

surface waves

36
Q

In a set of stacked horizontal layers, what stratigraphic principle states the the oldest layer is on the bottom?

A

superposition

37
Q

What can an unconformity between rock layers indicate?

A

regression, gap in the stratigraphic recored, and period of erosion or non-deposition

38
Q

What stratigraphic would allow us to correlate the rocks on either side of the Grand Canyon?

A

lateral continuity

39
Q

Approximately how old are the oldest known rocks on Earth?

A

4.0 Ga

40
Q

Approximately how old is the Earth?

A

4.6 Ga

41
Q

What geological period marks the appearance of multicellular life with hard parts (skeletons and shells)?

A

Cambrian

42
Q

In what era did terrestrial (land) animals and plants first evolve?

A

Paleozoic

43
Q

In what period were conditions favorable for widespread coal formation?

A

Carboniferous

44
Q

What age did the genus “Homo” first appear?

A

2.5 Ma

45
Q

In what period were the Appalachians fully assembled to create the supercontinent Pangea?

A

Permian

46
Q

Which of the following materials can cause wedging in rocks at or near Earth’s surface?

A

ice, roots, and salt

47
Q

Which of the following atmospheric constituents plays a significant role in chemical weathering?

A

water

48
Q

Which of the following minerals is most susceptible to dissolution?

A

calcite

49
Q

Which of the following minerals is most susceptible to oxidation?

A

olivine

50
Q

What group of minerals form from hydrolysis of silicates?

A

clays

51
Q

How do lithotrophs derive their energy?

A

breaking chemical bonds in minerals

52
Q

Which of the following minerals is a product of chemical weathering?

A

hematite

53
Q

Which of the following common rock-forming minerals essentially does NOT chemically weather?

A

quartz

54
Q

What type of climate is expected to produce the deepest soils?

A

tropical

55
Q

What type of climate is most suitable for producing fertile soil?

A

temperate

56
Q

What type of mass wasting feature consists of a spoon-shaped failure surface with a head scarp that is susceptible to future mass wasting?

A

slump

57
Q

Which of the following is most likely to trigger a landslide?

A

heavy rainfall

58
Q

What is the. most common cause of deep subsidence?

A

groundwater extraction

59
Q

What was the main cause of subsidence in Houston’s earliest history?

A

oil and gas extraction

60
Q

Where is the Houston-Galveston area is the highest amount of subsidence currently happening?

A

North and west suburbs

EEPS 110 (8 decks)

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