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Geography-- Contemporary Urban Environments > Mumbai > Flashcards

Mumbai Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

where is Mumbai

A

west coast of india

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2
Q

what did the british empire ship from Mumbai to England for manufacturing

A

raw cotton

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3
Q

how much of India’s foreign trade did Mumbai account for in 2015

A

40%

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4
Q

when did Mumbai begin to rapidly develop

A

following india’s independence from the British in 1947

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5
Q

Mumbai’s population of ___ make Mumbai India’s largest city

A

20 million

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6
Q

what is the population set to rise to by 2020

A

24 million

giving it the highest population density of any city- strain on infrastructure

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7
Q

which national park is located in Mumbai? what regularly happens as a result

A

sanjay Ghandi national park

animals escape into the city- leopard attacks are frequent

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8
Q

what is the climate like

A

monsoon climate

extreme variation in rainfall throughout the year

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9
Q

what 3 industries is Mumbai considered the centre of india

A

financial
entertainment
fashion

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10
Q

what percentage of india’s exports leave through Mumbai’s port

A

more than 50%

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11
Q

example of TNC founded and based in Mumbai

A

tata group

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12
Q

why do TNCs often locate in Mumbai

A

workers are educated and skilled, but are paid less than in HICs

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13
Q

there a huge number of workers in the ___ sector

A

informal

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14
Q

what was the percentage decrease in manufacturing between 1980 and 1990? why did this decrease occurred?

A

7%

manufacturing moved to other NEEs where labour is cheaper

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15
Q

where are the wealthy parts of Mumbai

A

south (banking and financial centre)

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16
Q

where is there extreme poverty

A

dharavi slums

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17
Q

what type of housing is in the wealthy parts

A

high quality apartments (due to land pressure)

air conditioning and pools

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18
Q

why is it argued that government policies are depriving the poor of their fundamental rights?

A

schemes are aimed at wealthy city workers

eg railway investment only benefits the wealthy and middle class

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19
Q

Mumbai’s population has nearly doubled since ___

A

1991

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20
Q

why has Mumbai’s population increased so much

A

due to an influx of migrants from other parts of india seeking employment opportunity

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21
Q

what percentage of the population live in slums

A

60%

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22
Q

how many languages does Mumbai’s population speak

A

16 major languages

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23
Q

why has Mumbai produced so many English speaking IT and engineering graduates?
what has this led to?

A

the government has invested in university education

many English companies have invested- leading to increased wealth

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24
Q

what is the total literacy rate of Mumbai

A

85.6%

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25
what is the difference between the literacy rate for males and females ? what does this highlight?
7.3% | highlighting the gender divide, the gap is slowly closing as women are becoming more empowered
26
what type of business boomed in the early 2000s in Mumbai
call centres
27
how much do the thousands of micro-industries in dharavi earn annually? examples of industries present?
$650 million | garment makers, tanner and potters
28
some residents of dharavi have turned to the unregulated and unsafe business of ___
rag picking and scouring rubbish heaps to earn a living
29
years of government neglect in Dharavi has led to
inadequate hygiene standards- each toilet is shared by over 1,000 residents poor housing quality lack of basic infrastructure
30
what will the government led Dharavi Redevelopment Project give residents who have lived in slums since 2000
a 300 square foot house for free
31
how many doctors are there for every 100,000 people
54 doctors
32
how many people is Mumbai's existing healthcare system designed to treat
up to 7 million people
33
why do many go without medical help
they can't afford it, and there are long delays for the free healthcare
34
why is it difficult to compare pollution statistics
due to different methods of recording data
35
what does some of the pollution data suggest about Mumbai
it is among the most polluted cities in the world
36
what percentage of air pollution is caused by waste burning? why is this bad for the population
27.5% results in toxic chemicals being released- dangerous for residents and causes respiratory illness high particulate levels can increase the risk of cancer
37
what percentage of air pollution is caused by transport? | why do cars emit such high levels of pollution?
22.7% | there is insufficient control over vehicle emission levels
38
what percentage of air pollution is generated through domestic cooking and heating? why is this?
11.3% | many families are reliant on coal fires
39
what percentage of air pollution is from diesel generators?
14.6%
40
companies based in Mumbai are causing lots of air pollution because they are taking advantage of ___
relaxed planning laws
41
which rubbish incineration plant causes most of the industrial air pollution? how many times over the safe air pollution is this during its nightly burning?
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation | 13 times greater than the safe limit
42
how many vehicles are driven daily on Mumbai's roads? why are a lot of cars in poor condition?
4 million | many are second hand, and there are no MOTs to check their condition
43
how have car owners been encouraged to reduce air pollution?
buy hybrid cars | taxes have been increased for car owners
44
give an example of public transport improvement
Mumbai's first monorail opened in 2012 each of the 4 coaches has the capacity for 500 aims to ease congestion and traffic pollution in central Mumbai rubber tyres also reduce noise pollution
45
what was the slogan used in Mumbai's first cyclothon in 2010? how many attended? what are the concerns with cycling in Mumbai?
'Burn fat, not fuel' over 7,000 participants concerns over cyclist safety as there are a lack of road regulations
46
what industrial legislation has been introduced to reduce air pollution
chimneys have to be over a certain height, so smoke particles are dispersed more easily by the wind chimneys need filters to remove poisonous particulates
47
where do industries with large amounts of toxic waste need to be located?
away from densely populated urban areas to prevent industrial accidents
48
what are the benefits of the green roof scheme
they filter pollutants out of the air and run off water- reduces respiratory illness reduce the heat island effect help cool houses = less air conditioning = less electricity needed
49
where was the gas leak in 2010 causing 76 to be emitted to hospital
sewri industrial park
50
how many of india's rivers were found to be polluted in 2010? why was this?
50% | sewage flows in open drains, having serious impacts on groundwater quality and human health
51
what are the impacts on human health from water pollution
diseases like cholera and diarrhoea are widespread | water pollution causes poor nutrition and the underdevelopment of children
52
what strategies were implemented in 2010 to clear up the River Mithi
unemployed people hired to clean up the river authorities set up a proper rubbish collection system authorities began to close all unauthorised waste dumping
53
what longer term strategies are being implemented on the river Mithi to reduce water pollution
sewers are being installed on both banks of the river, with sewage treatment plants constructed at various locations dredge the entire length of the river to improve carrying capacity provide public toilets at regular intervals so less human waste enters the river
54
why is there a large amount of dereliction in Mumbai
due to inequality | little is being done to tackle the dereliction
55
why do urban poor live in derelict buildings
as they provide shelter in bad weather
56
when are monsoon rains in Mumbai | why do they have such a big impact on the city
between june and September | the city is built on low lying land
57
impacts of the 2005 floods
over 400 people died over 10,000 homes were destroyed city suffered losses of £1.2 billion public transport was completely shut down water supplies, electricity and communication shut down
58
why did urban growth worsen 2005 floods
rapid and uncontrolled development has replaced most public parks, gardens and swamps- less infiltration impermeable surfaces increased surface run off
59
what is the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan aiming to do for the city
identified the risks and vulnerabilities the city would face in the future (eg flooding and earthquakes) co-ordinate relief and rescue efforts widened and deepened the Mithi to reduce flood risks
60
when was the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan implemented
after the 2005 floods
61
why do many environmentalists think that despite the efforts by the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan, Mumbai is still in danger of flooding?
building is happening on floodplains mangrove forests are being removed storm drains and waterways are being clogged by plastic rubbish
62
why has the IPCC predicted that Mumbai will be the second most at risk city in the world
rainfall, heat, humidity increases and sea level rise will have severe impacts on the city
63
what percentage of Mumbai will be underwater in the next 100 years if sea levels continue to rise at the same level? impacts?
40% destroy essential infrastructure millions of homes submerged by coastal flooding
64
why have many of the schemes that Mumbai have adopted being called unsustainable?
they don't involve the whole community- so their needs aren't met strategies such as dredging have many negative impacts
65
why is Advanced Locality Management considered sustainable
involves rag pickers collecting waste from people's houses- reduces the amount of waste going to landfill reduces the number of people scavenging on landfill sites- reducing health risks
66
what is the Ecoreco scheme
offers payment for e-waste
67
why is Ecoreco considered sustainable
helps electronics to be recycled- reduces the need for extraction reduces health risks from slum dwellers breaking down the e-waste in their homes
68
why is the green roof scheme considered sustainable
city lacks open green space | green space help incorporate vegetation and reduce air pollution
69
name some religious groups found in Mumbai
hindus muslims Buddhists Christians
70
what does Mumbai's diverse population have problems with
racism
71
in 1989 what percentage of households were migrants
46%
72
how do foreign investors perceive Mumbai
a place of opportunity | cheap, skilled workforce

Geography-- Contemporary Urban Environments (19 decks)

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