Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 3 Cardiology > murmurs and arrhythmias > Flashcards

murmurs and arrhythmias Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are some viral causes of equine and LA arrhythmias?

A

-flu, herpes, EVA, FMD, AHS, EIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are some bacterial causes of LA arrhytmias?

A

-s.aureus, c.chauvoei, mycobacterium, strep.equi, actinobacillus, rhodococcus equi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are some parasitic cause of LA arrhytmias?

A

-strongyles, onchocerca, toxoplasma, cysticerca, sarcocysta, lyme disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a nutritional cause of arrhytmias in LA? and how?

A
  • White muscle disease - myodegeneration
  • selenium deficient so cant protect muscles from reactive oxygen species
  • in neonates - acute onset with resp signs, arrhymias and sudden death
  • give Vit e and selenium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some non-infectious or nutritional causes of LA arrhytmias?

A
  • cardiomyopathy (inherited in cattle)
  • cardiac neoplasia
  • infl lesions and fibrosis
  • toxins
  • idiopathic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are some secondary causes of LA arrhytmias?

A 
endotoxaemia
hypoxia
electrolytes imbalance
acidosis
catecholamines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the difference between what you can find out on horse and SA ecg?

A

-on horse can determine size and shape of ventricles as the perkinje system is more widespread and conducts the depolarisation so less cell to cell spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how would you diagnose 2nd degree AV block in a horse?

A
  • horses have a high natural vagal tone so have intermittent block of conduction through AV node
  • disappears with exercise as decreased vagal tone
  • hear isolated S4 before
  • ECG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does atrial fibrillation come about?

A
  • need a large atrial mass, slow AV node rate and a variable refractory period
  • with variable refractory periods not all of the myocardium is ready to contract at the same time so the wave of depolarisation doesnt conduct through the refractory area so it stops
  • however when the area becomes non-refractory a wave will move backwards and re-enter the origional current
  • get circular currents and unco-ordinated atrial contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can cause atrial fibrillation in horses?

A
  • large atrial mass = valve regurg, VSD, normal horse
  • slow AV node rate = high vagal tone (normal for horse)
  • variable refractory periods = high vagal tone, myocardial disease, electrolyte changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What clinical signs would you see in a horse with AF?

A
  • exercise intolerance as V cant fill properly
  • irregularly irregular rhythm
  • no S4
  • variable pulse quality
  • EIPH
  • normal HR unless in HF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do you treat AF in horses?

A
  • if incidental and transient then no treatment
  • if a competition horse with exercise intolerance give quinidine
  • if in HF also - PTS , furosemid, digoxin, ACE i
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the signs (ECG) and treatment for atrial premature complexes in the horse?

A
  • normal ventricular rate
  • treat underlying cause
  • if only at rest then do nothing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do you do with a horse with ventricular premature complexes?

A
  • find underlying cause
  • if idiopathic steroids and box rest
  • if during exercise could cause fatal arrhytmias
  • if get ventricular tachycardia consider anti-arrhtymic therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structural heart diseases are associated with murmurs in cats?

A
  • myocardial disease
  • hyperthyroidism
  • systemic hypertension
  • congenital heart disease - VSD, atrialventricular septal defect, PDA, double chambered RV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what can cause a physiological murmur in cats?

A
  • dynamic RVOT obstruction
  • anaemia
  • increased CO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in cats what are murmurs >4/6 most likely to be associated with?

A
  • HCM
  • anaemia
  • hyperthyroidism
  • congenital heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what can cause LV hypertrophy in cats?

A

-HCM
hyperthyroidism
hypertension
acromegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what can cause dynamic LVOT obstruction in cats?

A
  • SAM - systolic anterior motion of mitral valve

- more likely under increased sympathetic tone or with hypertrophy of the septum (HCM, hyperthyroid, hypertension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what can cause a mid-ventricular dynamic obstruction in cats?

A
  • HCM

- focal obstruction with restrictive CM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does an enlarged LA on a cat echo tell you?

A

-higher risk of CHF and aortic thromboembolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

6 differentials for the asymptomatic cat with a murmur?

A
  • HCM
  • functional
  • systemic hypertension
  • hyperthyroidism
  • anaemia
  • congenital heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what murmur do you get in cats with functional murmurs?

Study These Flashcards
A

0-3/6
sternal / right
vary with stress

24
Q

what murmur do you get in cats with systemic hypertension?

Study These Flashcards
A

1-3/6

sternal

25
what murmur do you get in cats with hyperthyroidism?
1-4/6 sternal variable
26
what do you hear with an aortic flow murmur in horses?
-early-mid systolic -common -quiet at rest in fit horses
27
what do you hear with a ventricular flow murmur in horses?
early diastolic less common short duration high pitched squeak
28
what can a mitral regurgitation murmur sound like in the horse?
``` 1-6/6 systolic plateau L 5th IC space radiate caudodorsally ```
29
when do you worry with a mitral regurgitaiton murmur in a horse?
``` poor performance tachycardic abnormal pulse slow CRT LSHF arrhytmia over 4/6 wide radiation LA dilation (pulmonary hypertension and AF) ```
30
what do you hear with a tricuspid murmur in a horse?
``` 1-6/6 systolic plateau R 4th IC space craniodorsally ```
31
when do you worry about a tricuspid murmur in the horse?
``` poor performance tachycardic abnormal pulse RSHF arrhytmias over 4/6 wide radiation ```
32
bacterial endocarditis can cause a horse murmur, how do you diagnose it and what is the prognosis?
- signs : CHF, fever, murmur, tachycardia, tachypnoea - Lab : hyperfibrinogenaemia, anaemia, leucocytosis - prognosis - guarded as bacteria already caused valve damage and risk of septic emboli
33
when do you worry about a PDA murmur in a foal?
when still patent after 30 d old
34
how would you decide a congenital murmur is innocent in SA?
- not over 3/6 - gone by 6mo - normally systolic outflow (Lbase) - no other signs
35
in SA what would a systolic left apex murmur indicate?
mitral insufficiency
36
what would a systolic left base murmur indicate in SA?
aortic or pulmonary stenosis
37
what would a systolic right sternal murmur indicate in SA?
VSD
38
what would a systolic right cranial murmur indicate in SA?
tricuspid insufficiency | aortic stenosis
39
what is seen on bloods with a R to L shunt?
polycythaemia (high PCV) as the shunt causes hypoxia
40
when do you see cyanotic heart disease in SA?
-any disease with R-L shunting (pulmonic pressure exceeding systemic pressure) : - VSD and pulmonic stenosis / pulmonic hypertension - ASD and high RA pressure - reversePDA = PDA and pulmonary hypertension - large L-R shunting defect and pulmonary hypertension due to high volume in pulmonary circulation, end up shunting R-L
41
what congenital defects cause volume overloading in SA?
``` PDA VSD ASD mitral dysplasia tricuspid dysplasia ```
42
what congenital defects cause pressure overloading in SA?
aortic stenosis pulmonic stenosis tetralogy of fallot
43
what is aortic stenosis?
malformation of aortic valves and/or LVOT resulting in LVOT being too narrow at some point
44
can you treat aortic stenosis?
no - poor prognosis
45
what is pulmonic stenosis?
malformation of pulmonic valve and/or RVOT resulting in the RVOT being too narrow at some point
46
can you treat pulmonic stenosis?
balloon valvuloplasty
47
can you treat a VSD?
can close it but not needed in most defects
48
what is a tetralogy of fallot?
combination of a large VSD and pulmonic stenosis
49
what is the blood flow in a tetralogy of fallot
RV - LV-Ao - Vc - RA - RV
50
what murmur do you hear with a tetralogy of fallot?
left heart base systolic (pulmonic stenosis)
51
can you manage a tetralogy of fallot?
pallative surgery but not definitive repair | -poor prognosis
52
what is the normal shunt with an ASD?
LA - RA
53
what murmur is heard with an ASD?
murmur of relative pulmonic stenosis - low intensity at left heart base
54
can you treat an ASD?
not normally needed but can close with surgery
55
what is valve dysplasia?
malformation of them leading to insufficiency and / or stenosis
56
can you operate on valve dysplasia?
no - high complication rate
57
do you get a murmur with a vascular ring anomaly?
no - | see regurgitation and dilated oesophagus cranial to heart

Year 3 Cardiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions